Obesity in America - 787 Words

Good news! We’re Number 2! As declared by a 2013 report from the U.N., America has only the second highest obesity rate in the world at 31.8%, second to Mexico with an obesity rate of 32.8%. America has held on to the title of most obese country for over 60 years. From 13% obesity in 1962, estimates have steadily increased right up to 2013’s 32.8%. This may sound like good news, but the harsh truth is that America didn’t reach the number 2 spot through sweeping diet changes or social conscience or sheer determination of a will to live longer, healthier lives. We made the number 2 spot solely by the fact that someone else had a higher increment than we did. Our numbers increased and are expected to continue to increase to nearly 43% by†¦show more content†¦With such a limited understanding of the consequences of obesity, coupled with statistics and the facts mentioned above, it is clear that methods to educate American about obesity have not been effective. Just what is obesity? Obesity is defined as having an excessive amount of body fat. Obesity occurs when a person’s weight is far above their ideal body weight. The root cause of obesity is widely debated. An inactive lifestyle, environment, genetics, family history, health conditions, medicines, emotional factors, age, pregnancy, and lack of sleep are many factors that can contribute towards obesity. Many times we can find multiple overlaying factors, for example, we may see a family history of obesity, along with an inactive lifestyle all while in an environment that reinforces overindulgence. Obesity and its cause is a complex issue, but the main causes can be generally grouped into three headings: poor diet, lack of exercise and lack of awareness. Major labor-saving technological changes of the 20th century gave rise to the industrial processing of food. In the 1950’s and 60’s we saw a rise of supermarkets and the spread of fast-food eateries. The growth of supermarkets and fast-food eateries gave way to a new method of consumption. No longer was food’s route from the local farm or ranch to theShow MoreRelatedObesity in America909 Words   |  4 Pages When discussing the issue of obesity in America, it seems to be that there is plenty of blame to go around and most of that blame falls on fast food companies. When searching for a concrete answer to the question used as my title, you will find none because there isn’t one. When asked this simple question, it is easy to blame the obesity problem on fast food considering 8 out of 10 Americans consume fast food according to a report done by the Huffington Post. But after doing more research you willRead MoreObesity in America909 Words   |  4 PagesO besity in America In the United States of America, there is a current epidemic of obesity throughout the country. Every age group is affected by this unfortunate trend. Even children are not immune to the national obesity problem. For a country that has an abundance of job opportunities, educational opportunities, and financial opportunities, it is a sad statement of fact that far too many people are tipping the scales in unhealthy ways. It is a fact that a disproportionate amount of the nationsRead MoreObesity : America s Obesity1204 Words   |  5 PagesDraft Obesity in America How many times a week do you go out to McDonald s or Taco Bell for dinner? If you go more than once or twice a week then you really need to look at your diet and how healthy your lifestyle is. America is having a huge obesity crisis, too many Americans just don’t care about how much they weigh or unhealthy their lifestyle is. From the advertisement of the fast food companies, to people not being able to afford healthier foods, and people just being plain lazy, America hasRead MoreObesity in America2116 Words   |  9 PagesENG 101 SL1 26 June, 2006 Obesity in America Obesity in America is a continually growing problem and even worse our own children are sharing in this problem. A commentary in the Washington Times reports that sixty million Americans are obese. What really is the meaning of obese? Obese is having a body mass index of thirty percent or more. In recent years, the percentage of obese Americans has risen. In the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted by the National CenterRead MoreObesity in America2898 Words   |  12 PagesIn the United States today, obesity has become an enormous problem. In the last 3 decades, the number of people overweight has increased dramatically. A study done by the Centers of Disease Control showed that since 1980, one third of our adult population has become overweight. America is the richest but also the fattest nation in the world and our obese backsides are the butt of jokes in every other country (Klein 28). The 1980s were a time when Americans suddenly started going crazy over dietingRead MoreObesity in America995 Words   |  4 PagesFences Essay As humans we all have certain motivations behind every action that we exhibit. This is called a hierarchy of needs, and in 1943 a scientist by the name of Abraham Maslow theorized it. When he discovered this characteristic of the human body, he came out with an organized chart, or pyramid. His pyramid showed five different levels, Basic needs, Safety, Love and Belonging, Self esteem, and Self-Actualization. Basically he created a blueprint for life. First you have to lay your foundationRead MoreObesity in America Essay1285 Words   |  6 Pagesa long time, obesity has been one of the notable health concerns that America has struggled with during the last five decades .Obesity as a health concern is not limited to America alone, it is a serious concern among other affluent societies like European countries. A considerable number of Americans spend a significant amount of money trying to lose weight. Obesity become an important focus in the news items during the year 2002.According t o research findings, the rate of obesity among the AmericanRead MoreEssay On Obesity In America955 Words   |  4 PagesObesity in America Over the years the obesity rate in America has increased significantly. From 1990 to 2016, the average percentage of obese adults increased from 11.1% to 29.8%. The escalating obesity rate in America has made obesity prevention one of the top public health priorities. Being overweight has become the new normal in America. Obesity is caused by eating too much and moving too little, depression, and the input of social media. A lot of people wonder why we are so concerned aboutRead MoreThe Problem of Obesity in America840 Words   |  3 PagesObesity: one of the nation’s most critical health problems. â€Å"Overweight is defined as having excess body weight for a particular height from fat, muscle, bone, water, or a combination of these factors. Obesity is defined as having excess body fat† (â€Å"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention†). When energy input and output get out of balance, obesity arises. Many factors can cause someone to become obese such as genetics, metabolism, level of physical activity, and more. â€Å"Overweight and obesityRead MoreEffects Of Obesity In America1066 Words   |  5 PagesIn America more than 35.7% of the population is obese or overweight. (â€Å"Overweight and Obesity Statistics†). That is nearly around 78.6 million people in America (‘’Obesity in U.S.’’). Americans are drastically becoming more obese ove r the years. There are a few americans who practice the habit of physical exercise and many who have a habit of super-sizing. Foods in America are available anywhere and people become overwhelmed when they see food ads. The percentage of our economy who have lower income

American Anticommunism and the Cold War Essay - 2217 Words

American anticommunism stems from a history of fear, and want of control over individuals, and groups of people who are defined as â€Å"others†. In this case â€Å"others†, is a term attributed to American citizens who were a part of, or held any relation or affiliation with the American Communist Party. Before them, it was immigrants; and before them it was African Americans, and Native Americans (Schrecker, 13). This fear and want of control over the American Communist Party, which immediately started after WWI in America, during the Red Scare of 1919-20; was used by the Republican and Democratic Parties, and their constituents, to gain and hold support in the United States government, and to attempt to shape American domestic and foreign policy†¦show more content†¦This seemingly harmless action, and the bombings around the country in connection with the Red Scare, led to the start of blaming the American Communist Party for domestic disturbances to the sta tus quo. The fact that Communist Party members were heads and members of labor unions, allowed Big Business owners and special interest groups to direct blame for radical actions such as work strikes or demands for wage compensation on to the Communists, allowing them to ignore, or dismiss any grievance brought against them; while at the same time tarnishing the image and reputation of the Communist Party (Schrecker, 14). In addition, the exaggeration of radicalism at the time allowed organizations like the FBI and law enforcement to expand and improve their image among the general public, which eventually led to J. Edgar Hoover being one of the figureheads of anticommunism (Schrecker, 15). By the 1930’s, the anticommunist network had expanded, and begun to strengthen. The struggles brought on by the Great Depression and the political partisanship from the creation of the New Deal; Communist Party involvement in unions became a political issue. Instead of Liberals and Conservatives blaming each other for the country’s woes, they could instead turn their blame on to the Communists, just like the businesses. The opposition to the New Deal and the American Communist Party’s adaptation of Stalin’s â€Å"Popular Front†Show MoreRelatedAmerican Anticommunism During the Cold War Essay926 Words   |  4 Pagesto the conclusion of the treacherous Second World War, America prepared itself for a period of peace. This peacetime was short-lived, as America’s tolerance for communism receded this issue became the forefront for American concern. The United States of America, also referred to as the USA or US, regarded communism as a strategic threat due to its hostility to private property and free markets, policies that many Americans associate directly to political freedom. Read Moredoc 11148 Words   |  5 Pages The Cold War Era was a time in history where there was hostility between many different countries. The one most notable was the hostility between the Soviet Union and United States, the fight between Communism and Capitalism. As the most dominant country the U.S. offered assistance to countries threatened by Communism. They felt that Communism was wrong and was not the right way to run a government. Between the years 1945 and 1980 the United States and Soviet Union’s relationship was ruined, whichRead MoreEssay about Elaine Tyler May’s Homeward Bound1175 Words   |  5 PagesBound weaves two traditional narratives of the fifties -- suburban domesticity and rampant anticommunism -- into one compelling historical argument. Aiming to ascertain why, unlike both their parents and children, postwar Americans turned to marriage and parenthood with such enthusiasm and commitment, May discovers that cold war ideology and the domestic revival [were] two sides of the same coin: postwar Americans intense need to feel liberated from the past and secure in the future. (May, p. 5-6, 10)Read MoreNuclear Warfare And Fear Of Nuclear Weapons1180 Words   |  5 PagesThe cold war is a state of political and military tension that developed primarily between powers in the Western Bloc, the United States and Eastern Bloc, and USSR after the World War Two. The rivalry between the USA and the Soviet Union brought in mutual suspicions, increased tension, and a couple of international incidents that resulted in a brink of disaster among the world’s superpowers. The Cold War and its consequences left an unfading legacy of popular culture, especially in media featuringRead MoreAnalysis Of Major Themes Of Chomsky s Manufacturing Consent948 Words   |  4 PagesConsent As a society, us Americans tend to put stock in varied forms of mass media. From Disney to Gannett we grow up with selective views of the world and shaped opinions based on TV ratings. There are many theories on hegemony in American society. Dr. Noam Chomsky, a preeminent authority in 20th century political philosophy, discusses how news media is a tool for disseminating propaganda provided by the powerful elite in his book Manufacturing Consent. He discusses how American mass media is a toolRead MoreCommunism And The United States Essay1963 Words   |  8 Pagesthe dictatorship after World War II. The horrified cognition of communism gets the Americans into panic, while the local government worries that the communist power would take over the United States. In response to the Red Scare was spread in the United States during 20th century, when the power of communists were getting increasingly stronger all over the world. In a way, the fear is tightly bound up with the political decision and the radical changes of the American thoughts. As a leading progenitorRead MoreThe Cold War Essay1029 Words   |  5 Pages When one hears the common phrase, â€Å"The only good commie is a dead one,† the Cold War comes to mind. This war, cold because of no direct violence towards each country, was a major contribution to future wartime diplomacy. The clever Americans used many tactics to create a â€Å"cold† war that would benefit them in every aspect. The fear of communism consuming smaller countries exaggerated the possibility that America’s economy could be jeopardized. Politicians also helped guarantee anti-communistRead MoreThe Cold War Era During World War II1349 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cold War Era that followed the end of World War II was unlike any Americans had seen before. After defeating Germany and its allies in the war, the United States faced a change on the home front: young Americans rushed into marriage and parenthood in unprecedented numbers. In Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era, Elaine Tyler May describes these changes from the end of the war through the early 1960s. The author makes a compelling range of arguments about the changes that affectedRead MoreThe Age Of Mccarthyism By Joseph Mccarthy1151 Words   |  5 Pagessubversives’ instilled fear and anxiety among Americans. This was exacerbated by the anxiety associated with the concerns of an escalating Cold War. McCarthy was motivated by his political ambition and thus used the anti-communist crusade as a scapegoat, to benefit his political career. It became increasingly apparent that the accusations were made against innocent individuals. Despite resorting to sensationalism and eventually lies to exploit American fea rs of a growing undercurrent of SocialistRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The War Of Las Vegas Nevada 914 Words   |  4 PagesLudmilla, Drago s wife, calls the United States an â€Å"antagonistic and violent government† that makes â€Å"threats of violence† to her husband and Koloff, the head trainer, comments that American society has become â€Å"pathetic and weak.† The Soviets insist on a rematch in Russia with Balboa as the antagonist. Angered by Drago’s cold indifference over Creed’s death, Balboa decides to avenge his friend, defend his country’s honor, and fight Drago in the Soviet Union in an unsanctioned fifteen round bout on Christmas

Role of Operations Management Free Essays

Role of Operations Management Operations management is the design operations and improvement of systems that create and deliver a company’s products and services. In other words, â€Å"is the process of taking input such as raw material and component and turning it in to out put by adding values† (Shaikh, 2010). Any activity that relates to the management of the entire business process that produces goods and services falls into the operations category. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Operations Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Competition among today’s organizations has become immense and is getting tougher and tougher day by day since more new companies are starting businesses in the same industry. Whether they are from the manufacturing sector or service sector, the need for cutting the unnecessary costs, achieving maximum efficiency, and implementing operations management strategies is increasing with the passage of time. Therefore, more focus is being laid on Supply Chain Management these days by the businesses in order to set up certain operations approaches, distribution systems, and capacity layouts that not only reduce redundant costs but also provide better quality goods and services to the customers. This paper will discuss two operations approaches for each of these sectors manufacturing and service and would relate those approaches to quality control and efficiency that can be achieved by the businesses. Operational Approaches for Manufacturing Organization There is no wonder to know that the manufacturing organizations deal with the inventory much more as compared to the service organization. The inventory includes raw materials, complementary parts, actual or finished products, and other packing materials therefore, the two most used operational approaches for by these organizations are Lean manufacturing approach and Outsourcing. Lean manufacturing is the approach that identifies and minimizes waste by adopting continuous improvement to satisfy the customer’s demands. It ensures maximum quality by examining each part of the good after its production to identify the flaws that might be there (Blacharski, 2010). Second approach is outsourcing where the organizations that are not efficient enough in producing a certain product or material, assigns that production task to some other company, entity, business, or vendor that actually possesses the skills, mastery, technology, and resources to produce and deliver it. Operational Approaches for Service Organizations Just-in-time approach and the Balance between Degree of labor and degree of customization are the two operational approaches that are often used by the service organizations. Just-in-time or JIT system is designed and implemented in order to produce or deliver services just as they are needed. In this approach the raw material or inventory (potatoes or chicken) is delivered to the service department or facility such as, Mc Donald’s restaurant just at the time when it is needed. And secondly service organizations often try to maintain the balance between the degree of labor employed for the provision of services and the degree of customization based on the needs and wants of the customers. Advantages and Disadvantages The advantages of Lean manufacturing include reduced set up times, less lead times, lower expenditure of materials, simplification of materials for easy identification, reducing wastes, standardizing operating procedures, sustaining better environment and results, good maintenance, and safe practices (Heizer Render, 2010). Disadvantages can be excess time spent on cleaning and identification purposes, also with the use of resources and money. Advantages of outsourcing include reduction in inventory costs, reciprocity, preserve supplier commitment, better production results, and offsetting the lower technical expertise and capacity the company has. Disadvantages include increase in expenditure, high production costs, and the company might not obtain desired quality or core competence. Advantages of JIT include reduction in inventory costs, storage costs, handling costs, cutting costs of quality, and improving quality. There is one major disadvantage that can be the stoppage of production or delivery of services if inventory is not delivered at the right time. The degree of labor and customization provides better customer satisfaction, customer loyalty, increased ordered and sales, less wage costs, and service variety. Disadvantages might be the increased costs in setting up new technology or method for providing unique or customized service for different customers, their maintenance costs, technology costs, and increased layoffs. In conclusion, I think this will improve my approach as in one day starting my own business to understand how operations management can be beneficial to a wide variety of organizations, both big and small. Operations management plays a vital role in the daily functions of an organization whether the company has identified this or not. Every process that a company employs to meet its strategic goals is a result of operations management. Operations management aids a company in becoming well-organized, operating more efficiently and productively, staying competitive and improving customer relations. Nationwide Business Interview I expect to learn what is fundamental to achieving and more importantly sustaining a career and business success, particularly within a competitive sales and marketing environment. The most challenging task is to motivate and manage employees to get on the same page and get something planned and completed on time and within a budget. The most critical skill you need as a manager is to understand and manage through tough current economic conditions, such as planning and executing, cost-control, developing and motivating employees and communicating and managing change. To have great communication skills for sales, negotiaton and networking also leadership skills is essential in order to reach your goals. . A big part of surviving in business is about solving problems fast and effectively. An manager needs good problem solving skills. The important trend I have experienced is and crucial is customer experiences scanning our consumer trends, you will be able to understand where your industry may be headed, or even better, shape its direction yourself, by introducing new products and services that catch the competition off guard. The steps I take to organize my task for today is to first make a list of all tasks that you have to do. At the start of the day I select my most important items and start working on them. If a new task comes up during the day, I keep working on the current task unless the new task is more important. When deciding which tasks take priority when completing a project is deciding what needs to be completed first and it depends what is critical to meet deadline. To be effective in a business crisis your communication plan must be and easy to reference document that contains decisions, action, resources and contacts you and your team will need to represent your organization in the high pressure of a crisis. Employees should always keep in mind the interests of the organization and realize the company standards are more important than the customer’s nterests to bend the rules. Bibliography 1. Blacharski. D. (2010). What is Lean Manufacturing. Retrieved on November 13, 2010. From http://www. wisegeek. com/what-is-lean-manufacturing. htm 2. Heizer. J Render. B. (2010). Operations Management. Eighth edition. Pearson Education, Inc. Prentice Hall. Dorling Kindersley India Pvt. Ltd. 3. Shaikh. S (2010). Operational Approaches. Retrieved on November 8, 2010. From http://safeshaikh. com/business/supply-chain-management/operational-approaches/ How to cite Role of Operations Management, Papers Role of Operations Management Free Essays This paper describes operations management and how it is applied in the banking field. Operations management is fundamental for any business seeking a competitive advantage in productivity. The role of operations management is to efficiently and effectively produce quality goods and services to create wealth. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Operations Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Bank operations management is the foundation of banking. Processing daily transactions, controlling and managing trades and sales and supporting front and back officers is part of the many functions of operations management. According to Chase, Jacobs, and Aquilano, 2006, operations management is defined as the design, operation, and improvement of the systems that create and deliver the firm’s primary products and services (p. 9). Bank operations are behind the scenes and commonly referred to back office operations because it does not handle front office sales. However a bank cannot move forward without operations management. Thus operations strategy is vital to banking to function at its optimal level. By definition â€Å"operations strategy is concerned with setting broad policies and plans for using the resources of a firm to best support its long-term competitive strategy† (Chase, Jacobs, Aquilano, 2006, p. 24). Typically a strategy breaks down into three major components: operations effectiveness, customer management, and product innovation. It is important that a firm’s strategy aligns with its mission of serving the customer. JPMorgan Chase, the bank with which I am familiar, strategizes into three major components: operations effectiveness, customer management, and product innovation. A strategy must always align with a firm’s mission statement to make sure goals are attained by focusing on customer service. In the banking business some of the many competitive dimensions are the following: cost or price of service or product, quality, and speed. JPMorgan Chase bank is a recognized national bank that integrates competitive dimensions in business strategy. Some of the services offered are free checking accounts with fee waiver requirements. Read also Exam Operations Management The starting fees are $12 a month for some checking accounts but there are fee waivers that some customers qualify for to waive the monthly fees. One common fee waiver is a recurring direct deposit totaling $500 or more each month. Price is an important factor for some customers but quality is an even greater concern for others. Because Chase bank offers high technology banking through Quick Pay and Quick Deposit at no cost to all customers, a monthly service fee for a checking account may be less important for customers seeking convenience and quality products. The next dimension Chase focuses on is speed and delivery of online payments. Chase is dedicated to providing the best customer experience in all areas of banking, including online and mobile banking. Chase bank is mainly focused on customer service, which is the reason for business growth. There are three dimensions of value by which businesses differentiate themselves in the marketplace, according to Chase, Jacobs, Aquilano, 2006. The three ways are through: product leadership, customer intimacy, and operational excellence. Chase strives to keep a proportionate balance of all values to maintain the good reputation and strong name. All the competitive dimensions mentioned above are controlled and managed by back office operations. Therefore operations management is the cohesiveness of the banking business as a whole. It interconnects all functions of banking to maximize productivity in the most effective and efficient manner, creating wealth. Without back office operations support, JPMorgan Chase bank would not have the ability to excel in the banking business. How to cite Role of Operations Management, Papers

Abstract Paragraph Essay Example For Students

Abstract Paragraph Essay Alzheimers disease had not been discovered until recently. Not much is known about this disease, and today many people are affected by it. It definitely is a social problem in the United States today. In the following paper I hope to give insight as to what is known about the disease. Who is affected by it, and what can be done to fight this terrible thing that only seems to be getting worse. Review of SourcesWebster 1989Brooks 1987Worsnop 1992Caroll 1982Wuethrich 1990Nichols 1990Alzheimers Disease With the discovery of Alzheimers disease less than a century old, not enough information is available to create a cure, or to make easy predictions as to who will get the disease and when. Alzheimers disease patients need to be institutionalized for proper care once the disease reaches a certain point in which the patient becomes a danger to themselves and others. Alzheimers disease is a degenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by premature senile mental deterioration (Webster 89). It is also described as a disease that destroys the very core of ones being. It causes memory loss, disorientation, and personality changes. The human brain needs certain chemicals to transmit and receive messages between neurons (brain cells). An Alzheimer brain lacks sufficient chemicals for normal communication amongst neurons eventually causing the neuron itself to deterio rate and die. This occurs only in the areas of the brain involved with memory, speech and personality. (Brooks 87)Although there are some known cases of Alzheimers disease found in persons as young as twenty, the majority of victims are past the sixth decade of life. It is estimated that between five and ten percent of all victims will get the disease in their mid-sixties. Twenty percent will get it in their seventies and forty percent in their eighties (Brooks 87). Symptoms of Alzheimers Disease were first diagnosed in 1906 by a German neuropathologist named Alois Alzheimer. It was not until the early 1970s that the American public became aware that Alzheimers is a disorder, not a natural part of the aging process (Worsnop 92). The predominant symptoms are gradual increasing loss of memory. There are sixteen functional stages and sub stages leading to the most severe dementia according to Dr. Barry Reisberg of the New York University of Medicine. The stages are in this particular order, (1) decreased ability to handle a complex job (2) decreased ability to handle such complex activities of a daily life as (3) managing finances (4) complex meal preparation and (5) complex marketing skills. Then comes (6) loss of ability to pick out clothing properly, (7) or to put on clothing properly, followed by (8) loss of ability to handle the mechanics of bathing properly. Then (9) progressive difficulties with continence and (10) toileting occur, followed by (11) very limited speech ability and (12) inability to speak more than a single word. Next comes (13) loss of ambulatory capacity. Last to go, are such basic functions as the ability to (14) sit up, (15) to smile, and (16) to hold up ones head (Wo!rsnop 92). Each Alzheimer patient will be affected in different ways. The more neurons lost, the more ones mental abilities erode. Many people are very frightened of Alzheimers Disease to the point of paranoia. They make assumptions that a little forgetfulness means that someone has been afflicted by Alzheimers disease. There is only need for concern when the forgetfulness represents unusual or uncharacteristic degrees of forgetting: Possible danger signs of Alzheimers disease could be:An inability to perform familiar tasks Trouble organizing and sequencing familiar information such as knowing where something goes Changes in habitual behavior patternsGradual memory lossSudden dramatic lack of social inhibitionDiminution of reason and problem solving abilities and inability to adapt to simple changes (Caroll 82)No one really knows what causes this tragic disease, but there are a few theories. One such theory is one born with a predisposition toward the disease. A certain molecular version of a protein called apolopoprotein is said to have some relevance in the cause of Alzheimers. There are three different forms of apolopoproteins. One such is called apolopoprotein-4 and is found in abundance in the brains of autopsied Alzheimers patients. A person is born with zero to two copies of this protein. The more copies one has, the higher the risk of getting the disease (Wuethrich 90). .ud276cc723455d91e370c79264aa3a96e , .ud276cc723455d91e370c79264aa3a96e .postImageUrl , .ud276cc723455d91e370c79264aa3a96e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud276cc723455d91e370c79264aa3a96e , .ud276cc723455d91e370c79264aa3a96e:hover , .ud276cc723455d91e370c79264aa3a96e:visited , .ud276cc723455d91e370c79264aa3a96e:active { border:0!important; } .ud276cc723455d91e370c79264aa3a96e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud276cc723455d91e370c79264aa3a96e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud276cc723455d91e370c79264aa3a96e:active , .ud276cc723455d91e370c79264aa3a96e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud276cc723455d91e370c79264aa3a96e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud276cc723455d91e370c79264aa3a96e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud276cc723455d91e370c79264aa3a96e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud276cc723455d91e370c79264aa3a96e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud276cc723455d91e370c79264aa3a96e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud276cc723455d91e370c79264aa3a96e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud276cc723455d91e370c79264aa3a96e .ud276cc723455d91e370c79264aa3a96e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud276cc723455d91e370c79264aa3a96e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Glass Menagerie - Symbolism of the unicorn EssayAnother theory is that Alzheimers Disease is linked to aluminum. Surprisingly high levels of aluminum turn up in the brains of Alzheimers victims. Dr. Barry Thomas led an Australian study showing aluminum in water was accumulated in the brains of rats. Aluminum, which is used to purify water, can be absorbed by the body. As to whether it actually causes memory loss and brain damage there is no conclusive evidence, but we fear it might, stated Thomas. The associate professor at University of Toronto, Theo Kruck. Kruck said, aluminum is a highly toxic substance in your brain (Nichols 90). There are no known cures to Alzheimers Disease, but there is one treatment that has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. It is a drug called Cognex which prevents destruction of one of the neurotransmitters in the brain. This slows the loss of memory. The only down side to this treatment is it is only effective on twenty percent of Alzheimers patients and it does not reverse the effects of Alzheimers; it simply slows the deterioration. Once the symptoms are present not much can be done by anyone to reverse them. Vitamins C and E act as antioxidants. These are being tested, they may be able to use vitamins to stop deterioration of neurons. Some suggest that people who take these have lower risk on getting Alzheimers disease. Since not much of anything can be done once Alzheimers symptoms appear, people wonder what can be done to prevent ones self from becoming a victim. According to Alicia Brooks of People Magazine, people with higher levels of education are less li kely to show symptoms. The theory is the more you learn, the more you stimulate the brain, creating more complex neurons. Therefore, when the brain cells begin to degenerate or are destroyed more active brain cells would be in reserve to call on. Force yourself to use your brain, she says. There is no actual diagnosis for Alzheimers Disease. The only way to find out if an individual actually has Alzheimers Disease is by brain biopsy. What doctors usually do to find out if a patient has the disease is to rule out all other possibilities. The following diseases must be ruled out before one can be called an Alzheimers patient. Multi-infarct dementia (MID)Parkinsons DiseaseHuntingtons DiseaseSpinocerrabellar degenerationAmyotrophic lateral sclerosisRare nerve diseases (Kuru, Picks, Wilsons, Creutzfeld Jacobs)As technology progresses in the U.S. longevity is also on the rise. The percentage of American over eighty-five years old has doubled in the he past two years. An estimated four -million Americans are touched by this disease and one-hundred-thousand die form it annually. Home care and professional care are both very expensive and financial support is extremely limited but there are some programs devised to create partial relief. Two such programs are Medicare and Medicaid. When a skilled nurse is required to assist a patient at home Medicare will pick up the check for the first twenty days. In addition it will pay a portion of the bill for the upcoming eighty days. What happens after the eighty days? Medicare, a federal-state organization is designed to provide care for the poor who have Alzheimers. This program will pay for half of the cost for a nursing home stay if the patient can prove that he is unable to work (Worsnop 92). What happens if one cannot afford to pay for half of the hospital bill? The vast majority of Alzheimers victims are cared for by loved ones at home. Sometimes these caregivers feel a sense of obligation to take care of the patient, but the biggest reason for keeping a patient at home is lack of funds to pay of professional ca re. Alzheimers patients need twenty-four hour supervision and the only way to provide this is through a nursing home or hospital of some sort. Scientists express confidence that a major breakthrough will come within a few years. How can one depend on this? This is a question one might ask themselves. According to a Boston study, by the year 2050, this nation will have between 7.5 million and 14.3 million cases of Alzheimers disease (Worsnop 92). How will they be taken care of?Special institutions should be set up by government with the proper facilities and equipment to deal with people with Alzheimers Disease. This is a new disease to us, and unfortunately we do not know much about it. This disease is devastating to families and friends of victims, as well as the victims themselves. The patients must be cared for twenty-four hours a day. The average American cannot afford to do so, or afford to have their particular loved one cared for. The people of the nation are in need of assis tance. It is the only solution. .u211097aaf859c2f8c2529e89d3cda0f7 , .u211097aaf859c2f8c2529e89d3cda0f7 .postImageUrl , .u211097aaf859c2f8c2529e89d3cda0f7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u211097aaf859c2f8c2529e89d3cda0f7 , .u211097aaf859c2f8c2529e89d3cda0f7:hover , .u211097aaf859c2f8c2529e89d3cda0f7:visited , .u211097aaf859c2f8c2529e89d3cda0f7:active { border:0!important; } .u211097aaf859c2f8c2529e89d3cda0f7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u211097aaf859c2f8c2529e89d3cda0f7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u211097aaf859c2f8c2529e89d3cda0f7:active , .u211097aaf859c2f8c2529e89d3cda0f7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u211097aaf859c2f8c2529e89d3cda0f7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u211097aaf859c2f8c2529e89d3cda0f7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u211097aaf859c2f8c2529e89d3cda0f7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u211097aaf859c2f8c2529e89d3cda0f7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u211097aaf859c2f8c2529e89d3cda0f7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u211097aaf859c2f8c2529e89d3cda0f7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u211097aaf859c2f8c2529e89d3cda0f7 .u211097aaf859c2f8c2529e89d3cda0f7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u211097aaf859c2f8c2529e89d3cda0f7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: US Expansion Of 1800s EssayWorks CitedWebster, Laurence P. Alzheimers Disease: Troubled Past Uncertain Future. New York: Macmillan, 1989. Brooks, Robert W. Alzheimers: The Epidemic of the Elderly. Columbia, Maryland: GP Courseware Inc., 1987. Worsnop, Bernard L. Alzheimers and the Future. New York: Plemum Press, 1983. Caroll, Gail Kay. A Look at Alzheimers Disease. New York, New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1982. Wuethrich, Sheldon. Common Questions about Alzheimers Disease. San Francisco: Coward McCann Inc., 1990. Nichols, Henry. Alzheimers Disease. Chicago: Bookshelf Publishing, 1990.

Marketing Plan for a New Fashion Brand for Women free essay sample

The collection will contain casual, cocktail and evening dresses, coats, shirts, jackets, skirts etc. The business intense to market its line as an alternative to existing clothing lines and differentiate itself by marketing strategies, exclusiveness and high brand awareness. All the collections will be manufactured in E. U. using â€Å"made in Europe† components. The Market Market Description The  R. O. I. and UK  fashion industry is large, mature, and highly fragmented. Clothes sold in  Ireland and  United Kingdom are produced both domestically and in foreign locations. The  UK market can be divided into two tiers: national brands and other. National brands are produced by approximately  15 sizable companies and currently account for some 30% of all  wholesale sales. The second tier, accounting for 70% of all apparel distributed, comprises small brands and store (or private-label) goods. Apparel is sold at a variety of retail outlets. Based on data from NPD Group, discount stores, off-price retailers, and factory outlets accounted for 30% of  2009 apparel sales, while specialty stores and department stores accounted for 22% and 18%, respectively. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Plan for a New Fashion Brand for Women or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Another 17% were sold at major chains, and direct mail/catalogues accounted for 6%. The remaining 7% of apparel sales occurred through other means of distribution Market Segmentation The company plans to target females between the ages of  30 and  up with a combined household income of more than â‚ ¬60,000. Within this group, there are no  ethnical barriers, and customers have diverse backgrounds. The brand  customer is a versatile woman who can fit into any environment and is willing to pay a middle market price for quality clothing. Customer currently shop in quality department stores and boutiques for mid to high value items that are used on special and semi-special occasions in a work and personal context. Customer is socially active, eating out, travelling and entertaining at home in addition to attending business related functions. The companys target group is seen as having enough disposable income to spend on middle market priced quality clothing. Competition  in our  market segments is usually driven by who is offering the best quality, most interesting  design for less. The key to success is the quality of the clothes: how and where it was made and with what materials. The buying factors include what is in for each season, and the relation of comfort to style each woman is aiming for. A few of the main competitors are: L. K. Bennett Karen Millen Hobbs Reiss Marketing strategy and Implementation The  brand will leverage its expertise, product offer and marketing strategy to increase its customer base while driving sales and profit. The following sections review the various strategies that will support this effort. SWOT Analysis The following SWOT analysis captures the key strengths and weaknesses within the company, and describes the opportunities and threats facing the brand. Strengths †¢ Strong relationships with suppliers that offer credit arrangements, flexibility, and response to special product requirements †¢ Distinctive signature style and USP †¢ Excellent and stable staff, offering personalized customer service †¢ Strong merchandising and product presentation. †¢ Contact with very good PR and Marketing company †¢ Beautiful and clear website †¢ All the brand collections are manufactured in E. U. using â€Å"made in Europe† components. Weaknesses †¢ Owner  is still climbing the business experience curve †¢ Cash flow †¢ Challenges of the seasonality of the business †¢ Customer base not yet established Opportunities †¢ Growing market with a significant percentage of our target market still not knowing we exist. †¢ An innovative e-Bespoke application which will allow  women to customize the clothing of their choice †¢ Strategic alliances  offering sources  for referrals and joint marketing activities to extend our reach. †¢ Growing sell in Luxurious goods sector †¢ Changes in design trends can initiate  wardrobe updating and  generate  sales †¢ Internet potential for selling products to other markets around the world. †¢ Potential to take on a selling agent and PR company †¢ Potential to diversify into subsidiary products such as bags, shoes, homeware etc. Strategic alliances or opportunity to partner with others with complementary skills Threats †¢ Continued price pressure due to competition or the weakening market reducing contribution margins †¢ New competitor enters market †¢ Changes in import and export laws tha t affect pricing or supply sources †¢ Changes to exchange rates or interest rates. Marketing Strategy The companys promotional plan is diverse and includes a range of marketing communications: †¢ Press releases and pictures are issued to fashion magazines and to the fashion bloggers around the world. †¢ Website and online shop and company blog †¢ Online e-Bespoke application †¢ Company representatives will attend and participate in several trade shows London-Pure, Paris -Who’s next, Berlin-Bread and Butter) †¢ Print advertising like brochures, business cards, catalogues. †¢ Advertisements in magazines and on Fashion and lifestyle websites and blogs. †¢ The company also plans to use various other channels including Google Ads, and social media like Facebook, Twitter and Pinterest. †¢ Dressing local celebrities †¢ Organizing charitable donations †¢ Host a private trunk shows †¢ Hiring PR company and sales agent Sales Strategy The business intense to market its line as an alternative to existing clothing lines and differentiate itself by marketing strategies, exclusiveness and high brand awareness. There will be three distribution channels of the brand: Online store with ready-to-wear collection focus on export and local market, wholesale to the boutique owners around the world and thru an online e-Bespoke innovative application which will allow  women to customize the clothing of their choice (export and local focus). The vast majority of our sales  (app. 70%)  will be generated by our online shop and an innovative e-Bespoke application which allows customers to customize the item of their choice with the few clicks of the mouse. The third channel of distribution will be placing the collections in the high-end boutiques and department stores. The company sales goal is to generate repeat business and strong word-of-mouth advertising based on great buying experience.

Free Essays on Stopping By The Woods...Robert Frost

Robert Frost ’s poem â€Å" Stopping by the Woods on a Snowy Evening† caught our eyes with his love of nature. People can really feel the nature it makes them feel like they were in the woods. In detail, he descriptively describing the setting so precisely like he was the one in the poem. Is a poem about getting away, away from the reality life: Survivor, life journey, and death? By reading these poems does it make us think even more about life and where is going to lead? In the poem of â€Å" Stopping by the Woods on a Snowy Evening†, Robert Frost illustrated and clearly explained the setting very effectively. The setting is very important tools for Frost in writing this our journey to do whatever we have to do to get the job done. The job might be a difficult and stressful but that is life we known. That is how society work these days its never a happy world.... Free Essays on Stopping By The Woods...Robert Frost Free Essays on Stopping By The Woods...Robert Frost Robert Frost ’s poem â€Å" Stopping by the Woods on a Snowy Evening† caught our eyes with his love of nature. People can really feel the nature it makes them feel like they were in the woods. In detail, he descriptively describing the setting so precisely like he was the one in the poem. Is a poem about getting away, away from the reality life: Survivor, life journey, and death? By reading these poems does it make us think even more about life and where is going to lead? In the poem of â€Å" Stopping by the Woods on a Snowy Evening†, Robert Frost illustrated and clearly explained the setting very effectively. The setting is very important tools for Frost in writing this our journey to do whatever we have to do to get the job done. The job might be a difficult and stressful but that is life we known. That is how society work these days its never a happy world....

Obligations of Managers and Executives in I.T Essay

Obligations of Managers and Executives in I.T - Essay Example Considerably, cyber security has been an issue concerning the IT department. However, there has been a considerable growth of the information security to constitute a legal obligation and responsibility for the management. In this regard, all the shareholders need inclusion to address the matters of cyber security. For instance, according to the Gramm-Leach-Bliley security regulations, the Board of Directors has the mandate to ensure the safety of finances regarding their corporations. In addition, the evolving case laws suggest that corporate directors have a duty of care for the company’s information systems. They add that the obligation extends to safeguarding the integrity of the stored data from a mere responsibility of guarding corporate financials. Further, the Business Roundtable notes that the board of directors should consider information security as an element of corporate governance. Data confidentiality, integrity, and storage In this context, it is eminent for the organizations to observe the procedure incorporated to protect their company information from access by unauthorized persons. The data must be stored in forms that are not easy to interpret when opened as flat plain text files, accessed in inaccessible locations, and or protected by the firewall (Smedinghoff, 2005). Use of technical access controls in protecting the corporate information In this context, policies and procedures should remain implemented to ensure appropriate access to information by authorized persons (Kshetri, 2010).

Personnel Guidance in Research and Development Essay

Personnel Guidance in Research and Development - Essay Example A research involving a creation of a new technology may be termed as a high level research. A highly critical issue usually involves a team and each team member contributes in his way towards the research. Research involves discovery of a truth and therefore it should taken seriously and with immediate attention. It does not involve only the searching; rather it is one's effort to find the truth using a series of trials involving various aspect of the issue. A research must be taken with a positive frame of mind and should never be a matter of fun. Before one is ready for research, he must have an objective and should be fully focused on it (Gredler and Shields, 2008). A research involves deep and thorough knowledge of the subject and therefore, the researcher must be aware of the various factors that can affect the scope of the research. A researcher must always start by finding a person who has a deeper knowledge of the subject and with whom he can discuss the various outcomes and the possibilities and the scope of the research. Generally, this person should be much higher in experience and knowledge than the researcher. This person can then be termed as a Research Guide. Performing a research under a guide boosts up the confidence of the researcher and provides a better way to proceed in the work. 2) A Research Plan The researcher must have a plan in order to proceed with the research. One must completely have theoretical as well as a practical approach for the subject. The availability of a research lab helps in attaining better results. It also provides the practical approach where in a real time issues can be simulated. These simulations provide a clear picture of the subject. This helps in better judgement of the subject and therefore a practical approach to deal with it. 3) Finance Another big constraint involving a research can be finances. Sometimes, research may involve high finances. Like a research in the field of automobile engine and emissions may involve a multiple changes in design of the component. Thus manufacturing a new component such as an engine part, with course of the research, involves a lot of resources which will prove costly. Therefore, a researcher must look for funding options if available. To get funding for a research, one must put together all the authentic and genuine facts for the research that must convince the funding authority. Available funds can prove very crucial as these when utilised in an efficient manner can several times get the researcher the best he wants. The researcher then has full freedom to take care of the aspects which he might overlook due to lack of resources. 4) Available facts and figures Another area that needs to be taken care of is the updates that are connected to the field of your research. One

Homeland Security HLSS311 Forum 5 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Homeland Security HLSS311 Forum 5 - Assignment Example Sometimes, immigrants are not those good people you expected to be. In the case whereby the immigrants have some unfinished business with the host nation, they might come and cause insecurity in the host nation. They come expecting to kill and perform acts of terrorism. In such cases, illegal immigration should be made a priority in dealing with a countrys security. Sometimes, when the illegal immigrants are running away from their country because of certain contagious and infectious diseases, they will pose the host country at a risk of spreading the diseases. This will not auger well with the welfare of this country (Peter, 2000). The enemy is that person who comes illegally into another country with the intention of doing some arm there. The enemy might come to conduct illegal business, cause insecurity or cause war. We are, therefore, supposed to protect our borders from such illegal immigrants who come in the form of an enemy. Through protecting our borders, we will be able to control spread of diseases, prevent illegal trade, prevent human trafficking and other illegal activities that immigrants might want to perform in the new country. A terrorist is one of the enemies that were protecting our boarders from. Therefore, being an enemy cannot be categorized as being more than terrorism since all cause us harm as a country. Terrorism, therefore, causes destruction just the same way enemies can cause destruction (David, 2008). Border enforcement enhances health concerns. This is to say, when we take good care of our boarders, we can prevent transmission and spread of some transnational diseases, hence making a country remain safe from such kind of diseases. Therefore, it is important to improve border enforcement in order to improve public health and safety concerns (Marc, Jerome, & Kristin,

Neurofibromatosis Case Report

Neurofibromatosis Case Report Abstract Neurofibromatosis, though not discussed in depth, is not at all a clinical rarity. The condition has been reported in all races and does not exhibit specific clinical manifestations and features for occurrence. The hereditary nature has been recognized for long, though the depth of mutations is still a long way in short of understanding. It has got a chance occurrence of 50% mutation rate. It occurs with a frequency of 1 case in approximately 3000 births. Malignant transformation has been reported in a few cases, which underlines the importance of in depth analysis of this condition. Introduction Neurofibromatosis is one of the most common hereditary neurocutaneous disorders with an incidence of 1:3000. It is autosomal dominant and shows no race or sex predilection.1 30 to 50% are de-novo cases occurring due to spontaneous mutations.2The condition first documented in 1882 by the German pathologist Frederich Von Recklinghausen presents with protean clinical manifestations.3This case is reported due to the severe facial hemi hypertrophy associated with neurofibromatosis. Case Report A 12 year old female patient presented with swelling of left side of face since infancy. Swelling was first noted at one year of age after which it increased steadily and reached the present size. Speech was slurred. No family history of such a condition was observed. On extra oral examination severe hemi hypertrophy of the maxilla was noted with subsequent disfigurement of the face on account of deviation of the nose and mouth to the right (Fig 1). There was a soft painless mass on the left forehead measuring four centimeters in length and two centimeters in breadth. There was overgrowth of coarse, stiff hair on the mass. The skin showed patchy pigmentation. Left eye is pushed downwards and remained closed due to the pressure exerted by the mass (Fig 23). On palpation the mass was soft to firm with diffuse borders. No fixity to underlying tissue was noted. There was no associated regional lymphadenopathy. Cafà © au lait spots (CALS) of size one to two centimeters and blue black in color were distributed over the trunk and palms of hands (Fig 4). There was a large CALS of size 10 X 15 centimeters in the back of trunk which was irregular with diffuse borders (Fig 5). Intraoral examination showed a firm mass extending from right maxillary lateral incisor to left maxillary first premolar. The mass measured 3 X 2 centimeters in size and was firm and non – tender on palpation. Maxillary left central incisor was found embedded and the lateral incisor and canine were partially exposed. CALS were noted on the mass. Nodular masses were seen on the palate adjacent to right maxillary premolars, on the mass adjacent to right central incisor and on the left upper lip. There was hemi hypertrophy of the tongue and spacing of teeth on the left side resulting in malocclusion (Fig 6). CT scan shows the lesion extended well in to the brain- cerebrum, frontal sinus, and eye, nasal and maxillary sinus (Fig 7). Preliminary hematological investigations including serum calcium and alkaline phosphatase were carried out and values were found within normal limits. Incisional biopsy was performed from the anterior palate. Histopathological examination of H E stained sections showed cells with elongated, bent nuclei separated by abundant, fine and sinuous collagen fibers. There is presence of nerve bundles, mild vascularity and areas of hemorrhage. Overlying epithelium is orthokeratinized stratified squamous epithelium of normal thickness (Fig 89). Diagnosis of neurofibroma was made. Patient was referred to the department of oral surgery for further treatment. Discussion Present knowledge shows that neurofibromatosis consists of at least two diseases which show distinct clinical and genetic features, the peripheral form or neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) and the central form or neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2). The more common one is the NF1. 4 This is autosomal dominant and 50% of cases are new mutations, 80% of which are of paternal origin. The NF1 gene, one of the largest in the human genome is a tumor suppressor gene located in the pericentromeric region of chromosome 17. It encodes the neurofibromin protein which consists of 2800 amino acids. Due to the large size of the gene and numerous mutations that may occur genetic testing is not a viable option in diagnosis. A protein truncation assay is used to detect stop mutations but this confirms the disease only in two thirds of cases and cannot predict the severity. 5,6 Diagnosis is confirmed if two or more of the diagnostic criteria are present. (Table 1) Hence clinical findings are imperative. Accurate correlations between the genotype and phenotype have not been possible because of the large size of the gene. Still it has been found that the severity of the condition increases with complete gene deletions with occurrence of large numbers of neurofibromas and a significantly higher lifetime risk for malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Familial spinal neurofibromatosis corresponds with mutations at the 3’ end of the gene. Somatic mosaicism may account for the segmental forms of neurofibromatosis.5 The clinical manifestations are first seen in childhood as small macules resembling freckles which slowly increase in size and deepen in color. Microscopically melanin pigment is seen in macromelanosomes. The number of cafà © au lait spots indicates the severity of the disease. In mild forms with fewer spots the neurofibromas occur late in life and may also be restricted to one part of the body. Secondary symptoms may arise due to occurrence of neurofibromas. An abrupt increase in size may indicate malignancy or may be due to pregnancy or onset of puberty.7The central nervous system may be affected with neurofibromas example the optic nerve glioma.8 The skeleton may be affected due to primary defects and also pressure effect from the tumors. Cystic lesions are noted within the bones histologically resembling non-ossifying fibroma.9 Renovascular hypertension occurs due to vascular stenosis. The varied symptoms of neurofibroma include growth disorders, abnormal sexual development and lung abnormalities. Certain forms of neurofibroma shows atypical or incomplete features compared to the classic form. These variants are segmental neurofibroma, gastrointestinal neurofibroma, familial spinal neurofibroma and familial cafà © au lait spots.8 Neurofibroma is a disease with diverse characteristics. Early diagnosis aids in proper monitoring of patient. Genetic counseling is also required in familial cases. Frequent reviews are needed as there is possibility of development of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) in a subset of NF1. Proper histologic evaluation is essential as it is difficult to differentiate a neurofibroma with atypical histologic features from a low grade MPNST. Germ-line mutations in genes encoding RAS-ERK signaling pathway components cause a set of related, autosomal dominant developmental disorders, termed â€Å"RASopathies† , which include Noonan syndrome . Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigenes (NS-ML; formerly known as LEOPARD syndrome), cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome (CFCS), Costello syndrome (CS), and neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1). RASopathy patients typically display short stature, facial dysmorphia, cardiac defects, developmental delay, and other variably penetrant features. 10 Conclusion Neurofibormatosis and concomitant symptoms are always associated with numerous manifestations. The condition including von Recklinghausen disease has to be understood in depth for proper diagnostic criteria and treatment protocols. Though, significant steps has been taken for analyzing the molecular pathway and genetic mutations involving the conditions, the finer details are still out of light as far as molecular origin and pathway is concerned. An extensive discussion and deliberation is needed in this regard so that debility and mortality rate

Technology and Climate in Iraq Essay -- Iraq Environment Technological

Technology and Climate in Iraq Since civilization was born in ancient Mesopotamia thousands of years ago, technology has been a driving factor in the growth and progress of the peoples of this region. Many of the new and changing technologies have been closely connected to the weather and climate of this unique part of the world. In my opinion, the three most important technological developments for Mesopotamia and Iraq over time have been irrigation, shelter and architecture, and the use of oil. Before we can make these connections between technology and the climate of Iraq, we must look at what makes this climate unique from others around the world. Iraq’s climate is classified as sub-desert and this gives the region two distinct seasons. First, the summers (May-October) in Iraq are hot, with temperatures often exceeding 120 ° F.1 Another important characteristic of the sub-desert summers is the lack of rainfall, since summer precipitation rarely climbs above one inch. On the contrary, the winter season normally has up to 10 inches of rainfall and milder, often cold temperatures. Those 10 inches of rain come in strong storms that can often lead to floods since the land is not prepared for large amounts of precipitation.2 Winter temperatures sometimes even drop to around freezing and frosts are not uncommon. Both of these distinct seasons have caused technological developments over the past 7000 years. As I wrote in my think piece, Mesopotamia is considered to be the birthplace of civilization and this development was fueled by technology. The invention of irrigation techniques around 5000 BC in the region between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers was the foundation for the development of the first towns and cities. Irrig... ...s: Monroe, ME. â€Å"Fossils into Fuel† http://www.schoolscience.co.uk/content/4/chemistry/fossils/p3.html Lamb, H.H. (1995) Climate, History, and the Modern World. Routledge Press: New York, NY Pollock, Susan. (1999) Ancient Mesopotamia. Cambridge University Press: New York, NY Roux, Georges. (1985). Ancient Iraq. Penguin Books: New York, NY â€Å"The Architecture of Irak: The Lost Art of Clay Construction† http://www.brainworker.ch/Irak/architecture.htm â€Å"The Iraqi Republic† http://i-cias.com/e.o/iraq.htm â€Å"Transportation in Iraq† http://united-states.asinah.net/american-encyclopedia/wikipedia/t/tr/transportation_in_iraq.html 1 Pollock, Susan Ancient Mesopotamia 2 Roux, Georges Ancient Iraq 3 Pollock 4 Lamb, H.H. Climate, History, and the Modern World 5 â€Å"The Architecture of Irak† 6 Everest, Larry Oil, Power, and Empire 7 â€Å"Fossils into Fuel†

Legacy of the Middle Ages in the West

Palm Beach Atlantic University Legacy of the Middle Ages in the west An Essay Submitted to Dr. Gary Poe Humanities II by Blake Nichol March 17, 2010 Legacy of the Middle Ages in the West Dear Friend, I read your argument recently about the Middle Ages and how you have the belief that it was a time of no cultural expression. Well, I’m writing to try to persuade you to think otherwise. After an extensive, semester long study on the Middle Ages and the events that took place, leaving a great mark in history, I would like to inform you of my studies.Through the research I have done I have found at least four major contributions to what is known as the legacy of the Middle Ages in the West. The first thing that I will point out to you is the technological advances during this time period, the second is the founding of the different major universities, the third is the great technique in various architectural structures, and the fourth and final contribution I will explain to you wi ll be the advancement of science and medicine.Hopefully, after reading this, if you’re not too bored, you will understand why the Middle Ages did not lack cultural expression, but instead, had a very great influence on the West. So, let’s get right down to business, shall we? The first thing I’d like to point out that was developed was the printing press. It was developed in the late middle ages by a German craftsman named Johannes Gutenberg. Now, where would we be without this invention? The printing press is a major invention and still in use today.Obviously, the ones we use today have been perfected to be more efficient and less expensive to produce maximum output but even so, it’s the same basic concept that started way back in the Middle Ages. Another set of technological advancements that came about during the Middle Ages were the different types of war methods that were developed. They developed the catapult, the metal crossbow, and most of all, gu npowder. The catapult is a great idea and I believe this is a concept that started to be perfected and continued being perfected until today and now it has turned into us launching missiles from an entire country away.Due to the invention of the catapult, we no longer even have to go with hand to hand combat anymore in modern warfare. Almost all of it can be done from a computer screen. Even the crossbow is still in use today. Not necessarily in warfare but I know hunters still use crossbows. The main thing developed to advance warfare was gunpowder. Can you imagine where we would be today without the development of gunpowder? I think that one is self explanatory. During this time period, we also have the development of about three major universities.These were three of the first Western schools for higher education since about the sixth century! The first is the University of Bologna, and no, it’s not a university for making sandwiches. It was actually the first place to stu dy law and the first place to teach anatomy. The second university is the University of Oxford. The University of Oxford, if I remember correctly, was founded in 1170 in England and taught philosophy and theology. The third, and probably most important of the three universities, is the University of Paris.The University of Paris offered a variety of degrees including civil and canon law, medicine, theology, and liberal arts, which was basically devoting to translating Aristotle. Other universities had a similar curriculum set up, but for some reason their professors lacked the renown internationally like the University of Paris professors had. A famous person that you might have heard of actually taught there. A guy by the name of Thomas Aquinas taught there off and on for about ten years.He was a Dominican friar. About six hundred years after his death, his thought was declared to be the basis of the Roman Catholic beliefs. So basically, through all of these universities developing and professors being heard, this is how we get the basis for one of the most wide spread, if not the most wide spread, religion in the world. I think that right there should be something enough to convince you, but if you still have doubts, let me give you a little more of what went on during the Middle Ages.The next thing that I’m going to tell you about is probably one of the most astounding things of all. It is the architectural developments during this time period. I mean, to be developed a thousand years ago, without the use of fancy machinery and computers, and still be standing today†¦that’s pretty impressive. Not only are they still standing, but they are also the most beautiful architectural structures in the world. People from all over the world still go to see them, so you can’t say that they don’t have an effect on modern day society.In these structures you will find that they use a lot of different techniques. They used huge stained gla ss windows, tall ceilings, and extremely fancy artistry. There were also different styles, such as Romanesque and Gothic styles. Inside these different styles of architectural structures were developments that are still heard of today. For example, in most churches today we still have a narthex. It is basically just the lobby area before you walk into the church. We also have a unique feature used in Gothic architecture that is still around today.Gargoyles were used in Gothic style architecture and even today you see a variety of different gargoyles. If they’re not on the top of a gated entrance to a fancy house or community, you might find a smaller version on your book shelf holding your books up. No matter what you find, the simple point that I’m trying to get across is that they are still in use today. The final thing I want to point out during this letter is the advancement of science and medicine during this time period.Thomas Acquinas, who was one of the greates t thinkers to ever live did a lot of studying of nature and the things of the earth. To him, everything was of God in nature, which is correct according to Biblical principles because God created everything and He is everything. As far as medicine goes, we see that people that were going to school to be doctors were now starting to dissect human bodies in order to identify certain disorders and diseases in order to effectively treat them.They were also beginning to build hospitals, which were the first places women could effectively work as nurses since they weren’t allowed into medical school. These are just some of the few things to do with the science and medicine industry to be done during the Middle Ages. I know I may not be the best writer and may not have gotten all my points across clearly, but I’m hoping that now you will be able to see that the Middle Ages was not just a time where no progress was made.In fact, the Middle Ages brought about so many different ways of looking at things from architecture to different diseases to advancements in warfare. All of these things have only furthered our progress in developing some of the most advanced technologies and inventions that the world has ever seen. Thank you for reading this and I hope I have changed your perspective of the Middle Ages. BIBLIOGRAPHY Matthews, Roy T. 2008. The Western Humanities. New York, NY. : McGraw-Hill. Pp. 261-291 BIBLIOGRAPHY/REFERENCES

Essay on Education and Kwame

Essay on Education and Kwame Essay on Education and Kwame It is stricking how two people can react the same without even knowing. My brother Kwame, and I though are of different sex but one cannot miss the fact that we are siblings if you really know us. For examples we are both religious and prayerful. We both like to cook and have the same health risks, we all chip our teeth and snore when when sleeping. Despite our similarities, though we are of the same blood, we are differerent in personalities, appearance and education. Firstly, it is shocking how people from the same blood and genetic material look difference . For instance my brother is tall about six foot and five inch, and broad shouldered whiles am about five foot and one inch. I'm petite and slim and weight about one hundred and twenty pounds but my brother weight like two hundred and eighty pounds. Our height and weight is not only differences we have in apperance but facial shapes also. My brother Kwame has oblong face shape (thats roughly resembles a triangle with a round corners). I have a round face shape with wide cheekbones and a tapering jaw and forehead. Kwame has a deep set of eyes, which creates prominent brow bone but I have monolid eyes which are flat on the surface and brow bones less defined. I have a full lips whiles Kwame has a thin lips. Though we were raised by the same people, but have entirely different personalities Kwame my brother, is friendly and easy with people, whiles iam stiff, thats quiet reserved but the melancholic type. Iam calm, loyal and organised. My most valued things are the family and I values loyalty and the lives the traditional way of life, dose practise the stay home mom and take care of the kids. Kwame on the other hand is ambicious and persistent. He followed hia dream and work hard. Kwame though outgoing, also makes sure his time is portioned

Drug Addition essays

Drug Addition essays Historically, alcohol and drug dependency was viewed as a sin or a disease. In recent decades, it has been thought to be a maladaptive behavior patterns (Thombs, 1999). I believe that its a combination of three things: A disease in which people learn to act in immoral ways (Thombs, 1999). A drug is any chemical agent that affects biological function (Thombs, 1999). Some act in the brain, others in organs, and some in several parts of the body at the same time. A psychotropic drug is one that acts in the brain to alter mood, thought process, or behavior. Addictive drugs are defined by the fact that they are self-administered, without medical prescription: repeatedly, compulsively, and even self-destructively (Cohen 1989). Drugs have been classified into seven different families and each affects a different part of the brain. In the past, drug addiction was viewed as a morally reprehensive behavior that addicts could control if only they made the effort. Today, it is argued that drug a ddictions are in many ways like infectious diseases; some people are infected, but not everyone (camh.net). There are differing degrees of immunity. Susceptibility depends typically on a complex set of genetic and environmental factors, ethnicity, degree of crowding lack of sanitation, and primarily new users transmit the behavior to their peers. Millions of Americans have been trapped by a vicious, biologic phenomenon called addiction. No sane person ever started out intending to become an addict, yet millions of our neighbors are either addicted to chemicals today or may have spent years trying to free themselves from this insidious cycle. Addiction is neither bad nor good. Addiction is a complex disease that involves both biology and behavior (Goldstein 1992). This high-low trap involves the relationship between stimulation and sedation (Cohen 1989). Stimulants and sedatives t ...

Management Research Project Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Management Project - Research Paper Example There are mainly two reasons for selecting this research paper. The impact of motivation on employees and organizational performance are analyzed in this research paper. Various comprehensive approaches are highlighted here. Another reason for selecting this research paper is to examine the relation between firm’s performance and motivation of the employees. Intensive research has been done here for evaluating the topic of the paper. This information gathered from this research paper shows the contribution of motivational on the productivity of the company (U.S, 2013). This research paper is divided into five parts. In the 1st part the topic of the research paper is introduced and along with that the reasons for conducting the report is mentioned. In the second part views of various authors are highlighted. Methodology of the paper has been reviewed here. The importance of the research method has been addressed in the paper (Daniels, 2006). The purposes of this report have been clearly highlighted in this research paper. Various causes for employee motivation have been focused properly in this research paper. The researchers have used some theories by which they supported the purpose of the researcher paper (Blyton and Turnbull, 2004). Employee motivation has a strong relationship with organizational performance. As per the purposes of research paper the detailed analysis of the topic has been done. The organization considers its employees as its important part. Therefore with the help of this study the researchers efficiently focus on the relationship of organizational members within the company (Harzing and Pinnington, 2011). The research questions which were used by the researchers are very clearly explained in this paper. The questions highlight the impact of employee motivation on organizational performance. The main purpose of the research question is clearly stated in the paper. For making the research question proper and clear the

Project Design Constraints Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Project Design Constraints - Research Paper Example Given the design requirements of flow chambers of the heart, the material chosen for the design of the heart flow chambers has to meet a load of requirements. For instance, alumina as a biomaterial, has to sustain high fluid resistance. Additionally, it has to be economical, and avoid stiffening. The material also has to have good thermal conductivity. The fact that the human body happens to be one of the greatest corrosive surroundings for foreign materials means that the material used to make the flow chambers have to be able to sustain the corrosion from the active enzymes, at the human body temperature. Additionally, caution has to be reserved to guarantee that the material used is not poisonous to the human body. A composite design is proposed; in which the porous synthetic grafts are improved in terms of biocompatibility. Polyester textile can be coated using cross-linked protein. Studies of different kinds of proteins such as collagen, gelatin, elastin, and albumin have been c onducted. There is no ideal material yet, to use in making of prosthetic heart valves. This is because the different available materials like titanium, or stainless steel, polyester, alumina, or pyrolitic carbon have faults in one way or another. When each one of them is used by itself, the patient has to go through long anticoagulant therapy. An example of a design that can be used is the asymmetric design of the natural human heart coined by Gianni Pedrizetti and Vukicevic of Trieste University.

ASCE INFRASTRUCTURE REPORT CARD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ASCE INFRASTRUCTURE REPORT CARD - Essay Example All through the 20th Century, the nation’s leaders imagined large scale infrastructure plans that stirred the public and added to unprecedented financial growth. Much of that infrastructure is approaching the ending of its design life, and there are increasing problems with worsening across all public infrastructures. In order to build an infrastructure to serve the desires of the new century, there must be bold leadership and a convincing vision. We have to be certain to maintain and preserve the foundations that previous generations have set up for us. A new overarching advance is desired. The approval of the State’s surface transportation is an outstanding place to begin. From the above assertions, I believe that the consent is supposed to spotlight on four goals for the surface transportation: Sustainability, resiliency, and ongoing upholding must be an essential part of improving the state’s face transportation system. Since infrastructure is built or transformed, life-cycle cost analysis is supposed be performed to account for early construction, running, preservation, environmental, safety, as well as other costs sensibly expected during the life of the project, like as recovery before disruption by or manmade hazards or

Cocoa solids Essay Example for Free

Cocoa solids Essay Chocolate! The name brings memories of a sugary and scrumptious sweet in your mouth. Each and every person in the world, whatever be his age or his sex, loves the delicious sin. In fact, chocolate is one of the most preferred gifts on every occasion, birthday or anniversary, Valentine’s Day or Christmas, wedding or farewell. Whether it is your wife or your boyfriend, your kids or your in-laws, you can present chocolates to almost everyone. While eating a chocolate, have you ever thought how it came into being? If you are ignorant about the origin of chocolate till date, use the interesting information on its background, given below. History of Chocolate The oldest records related to chocolates date back to somewhere around 1500-2000 BC. The high rainfall, soaring temperatures and great humidity of Central American rain forests created the perfect climate for the cultivation of the Cacao Tree. During that time, the Mayan civilization used to flourish in that region. Mayan people worshipped Cacao Tree, believing it to be of divine origin. They also used to roasted and pounded seeds of the tree, with maize and Capsicum (Chilli) peppers, to brew a spicy, bitter sweet drink. The drink was consumed either in ceremonies or in the homes of the wealthy and religious elite. It is said that the word ‘Cacao’ was corrupted by the early European explorers and turned into Cocoa. Even the Aztecs, of Central Mexico, are believed to have acquired the beans through trade and/or the spoils of war. In fact, Cacao beans were considered to be so prized by Aztecs that they started using it as a type of currency. They also made a drink, similar to the one made by Mayans, and called it ‘Xocolatl’, the name which was later corrupted to Chocolat, by Spanish conquistadors. The further corruption of the word, which finally gave it its present form ’Chocolate’, was done by the English. Entry in Europe Xocolatl, or Chocolate, was brought to Europe by Cortez. It was here that sugar and vanilla were added to the Aztecs brew, to offset its spicy bitterness. The commercialization of chocolate started in Spain, where the first chocolate factories were opened. Spanish treasure fleets brought back dried fermented beans from the new world, roasting and grounding them to make chocolate powder. This powder was used to make European version of the ‘Aztec’ drink and then, exported to the other countries in Europe. Within a few years, Spain’s drink become popular throughout the continent and it was around 1520 that it came to England. However, it was only in the year 1657 that the first Chocolate House of England was opened, in London. The popularity of the drink led to a string of other Chocolate Houses. Since cocoa was so expensive, the houses started serving as elite clubs, where the wealthy and business community met to smoke a clay pipe of tobacco, conduct business and socialize over a cup of chocolate. It’s America Again Chocolate came to the place of its birth once again. This time, it was the English colonists who carried chocolate, along with coffee, with them to the colonies in North America. These colonies later consolidated into the United States of America and Canada. Despite the changes in the territorial boundaries, chocolate continued to be a favorite of all the Americans, of every age, sex, group, and so on. Till date, the status quo has not changed and hot chocolate is still one of the favorite drinks of the Americans. Modern Chocolate The chocolate of today, in the sold form, took its roots in England. It was around mid-1600, when English bakers started adding cocoa powder to cakes. Seeking to make chocolate drink smoother and more palatable, Johannes Van Houten, a Dutch chemist, invented a technique of extracting the bitter tasting fat (cocoa butter) from the roasted ground beans, in 1828. With this, he paved the way for the chocolate in its present form. It was in 1847 that solid chocolate, as we know of today, was made by Fry Sons of Bristol (England), by mixing sugar with cocoa powder and cocoa butter. The first milk chocolate was made in 1875, by Daniel Peters, a Swiss manufacturer, by mixing cocoa powder and cocoa butter with sugar and dried milk powder. The rest, as they say, is history! Today, chocolate is made across the globe and liked by almost every person in this world.

Image And Impression Management

Image And Impression Management This sections aims to uncover and analyze past researches that had been done by other researchers on related topics of image and impression management. This chapter, will provide the theoretical foundation for this research. First, the historical background of impression management will be discussed. Second, the definition and scope of impression management will be examined. Review should contain critical evaluation and discussion of other related research. Image management A growing body of research indicates that we engage in image management in various social situations. Most research has focused on image management in face-to-face situations, particularly as it pertains to career success and performance appraisal. Previous studies have focused on how personality traits and certain situational factors affect image management (Boline Turley, 2002, p. 141). Image management can be defined as: a process by which individuals present information about themselves to appear as they wish others to see them (Kacmar et al., 2007, p. 16). Erving Goffman, who studied human interaction, first introduced the idea of impression management. Goffman described the social world as deceptive. In The Presentation of Self and Everyday Life (1959), Goffman describes human social interaction as a theatrical performance, meaning that people act as performers to give off certain impressions in certain social situations (Manning, 2009 p. 8). Therefore, we intentionally mislead people in efforts to give off a certain impression that we feel will benefit us within a specific social situation. Goffman uses the term fabrication to describe the way an individual misleads others (Manning, 2009, p. 9). Through fabrications, we frame ourselves to be who we want to be. Image management is also defined as the process by which people attempt to influence the images that others have of them (Rosenfeld, Giacalone Riordan, 1995). Regardless of the specific context in which it is used, the general goal of image management is to create a particular impression in others minds (Leary Kowalski, 1990; Rosenfeld et al., 1995). According to several theorists (Schlenker, 1980; McFarland, 2005) image management can be both conscious and unconscious. As Leary and Kowalski (1990) acknowledge as well, at one extreme people are unaware of others reactions to them, while on the other extreme people are conscious about the aspects of themselves that others can observe, such as their appearance and behaviour. Since image management behaviour can be learned, habitually and unconsciously, humans engage in impression management behaviour without considering what they are actually doing. With reference to Jones and Pittman (1982), people should be cautious in using image management tactics since one carries the risk that it will be perceived negatively; for every desired image, there is a corresponding undesired image at risk. For instance, an individual using self-promotion would like to be seen as competent, though he risks to be perceived as arrogant instead. In addition, image management research has mostly concentrate on purposive behaviour like verbal, non-verbal, and artificial behaviours that influence the images that other people have of the person. (Schneider, 1981). However, people often exercise image management behaviour without considering their own behaviour. In such instances, image management tactics become over learned habits. As Schlenker (1980) concludes, a great deal of image management behaviour appears to be non-purposive since it occurs automatically without conscious thought or control. Regarding purposive behaviours, Jones and Pittman (1980) have identified ingratiation, self-promotion, intimidation, exemplification, and supplication as image management. In todays world it is very important to understand who is playing which role, how one should act, and why other people are doing what they are doing. We project our image in very different manners: what we do, how we do it, what we say, how we say it, the arrangement of our offices, and our physical appearance, such as clothes and make-up as well as facial expressions. All these behaviors in some way help us define who we are (Rosenfeld et al., 1995, p.4). They form an identity and express what we want and expect from other people around us. These social identities constitute how individuals are defined and regarded in social interaction (Schlenker, 1980, p.69). The general definition used by scholars is that image management is the process through which individuals attempt to influence the impressions other people form of them (Gardner, 1992). Individuals manage their impressions when they wish to present a favorable image of themselves to others (Jones Pittman, 1982). Ways in which individuals manage their impressions can vary from verbal statements to their physical appearance or by using non-verbal gestures and expressions. Some theorists like Schlenker (1980) and Schneider (1981) make a distinction between the terms image management and self-presentation, even though most literature uses these terms interchangeably. Schlenker (1980) classifies image management as the attempt to control images that are projected in real or imagined social interactions while self-presentation is applied to situations in which the created impression is self-relevant (Schlenker, 1980, p.6). Schneider (1981) claims that self-presentation can be seen as a close cousin of image management, but still is dissimilar: Image can be managed by means other than self-presentation, and presentations may be used for goals other than image management (Schneider, 1981, p.25). Schneider (1981) mentions that image of an individual can also be controlled by a third party. Several theorists propose that self-presentation not only attempts to influence the images that others form, but also has an influence on the impression the person has about himself (Greenwald Breckler, 1985; Hogan, Jones Cheek, 1985; Schlenker, 1985). This in fact can be regarded as self-presentation to the self (Leary et al., 1990), as people are motivated to preserve particular beliefs about themselves (Greenwald Breckler, 1985). Overall, image management can be seen as a broader and more encompassing term than self-presentation (Leary et al., 1990). Impression Management Goffmans impression management work has developed and continuous to be a popular research topic addressing studies of identity and social interaction. Many impression management studies use the theory of self-monitoring to measure how anindividual works to achieve a desirable self-image. Self-monitoring can be described as an internal state combining self-observation and self-control (Scher et al., 2007, p. 186). Self-monitoring is an internal process in which a person tries to control the impressions they give off to others as a means of self-presentation (Scher et al., 2007, p. 187). In trying to give off certain impressions of ones self, a person controls their behaviors to ensure that they are socially appropriate. Lennox (1984) describes two sources of information that a person uses to assess how to act: ones personal disposition and situational cues (p. 199). Some people, known as low self-monitors, rely more on their inner states and feelings in assessing the appropriateness o f their behavior while others, known as high self-monitors, tend to respond to their social environments cues when deciding how to behave appropriately (Lennox, 1984, p. 199). High self-monitors adapt their behaviors to specific social situations. They look at the way others are behaving in the immediate social scene for cues on how they should behave. On the contrary, low self-monitors use their internal factors their attitudes, opinions, beliefs, and dispositions as cues on how they should behave in certain situations. Therefore, they are less affected by situational factors than high self-monitors. Their behaviors are more reflective of their personality (Lennox, 1984, p. 199). Studies have shown that high self-monitors are more likely to conform than low self-monitors and show more inconsistency between their behaviors and attitudes (Scher et al., 2007, p. 187). It is thought that high self-monitors are more concerned with what others think of them than low self-monitors, maki ng them more likely to conform in social situations (Sher et al., 2007, p. 190). Studies show that high self-monitors are more concerned with what others think and are more likely than low self-monitors to achieve desired images while avoiding undesired ones (Turnley Bolino, 2001, p. 251). They are skillful in controlling their self-image and often use impression management tactics. Jones and Pittman (1982) came up with a list of impression management tactics (Turnley Bolino, 2001, p. 352). These includes: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Ingratiation using flattery in efforts to get others to view you favorably à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Self Promotion displaying your successes and skills in efforts to appear competent à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Exemplification striving to be seen as dedicated by exerting yourself to the fullest à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Supplication displaying your needs and shortcoming in efforts to appear needy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Intimidation striving to be seen as threatening or dangerous by intimidating others Turnley and Bolinos study (2001) found that high self-monitors would more frequently achieve the desired image of likeable when using ingratiation, competent when using self promotion and dedicated when using exemplification than low self-monitors (Turnley Bolino, p. 353). A similar study done by Bolino Turnley (2003) found evidence that high self-monitors prefer to use positive impression management tactics (ingratiation, self promotion and exemplification) to negative tactics (supplication and intimidation) (p. 141). This same study also suggests that individuals who engage in positive impression management tactics are seen by others as more favorable than those who use all types of impression management tactics (Bolino Turnley, 2003, p. 141). This study asserts that women are less aggressive in using impression management tactics than men and therefore, are more likely to engage in positive tactics rather than negative ones (Bolino Turnley, 2003, p. 141). Bolino Turnley suggest that this may be because women follow the less aggressive tactics of the female gender role, which discourages aggressive or assertive behavior (Bolino Turnley, 2003, p. 148). Therefore, men are more active and aggressive in managing their impressions while women are mor e likely to do so passively (Bolino Turnley, 2003, p. 148). Siibaks study used the self-discrepancy theory to explain the reasons behind managing ones social media image. This theory asserts that individuals have three self-domains: The Actual Self an individuals representation of the attributes that he or she believes he/she possesses The Ideal Self an individuals representation of the attributes that someone (yourself or another person) wants you to possess The Ought Self and individuals representation of the attributes that someone (yourself or another person) believes you should possess (Higgins, 1987, p. 319) The Ought Self comes into play in impression management. Individuals seek to represent the Ought Self by emphasizing the attributes they believe a person ought to possess in a certain social situation. Many studies have focused on the Cultivation Theory as it pertains to self-image and distorted body image problems. Most of these studies look at television and magazines and their role in making females believe ideal beauty means excessive thinness. This study is more focused on exploring whether image management affects womens perceptions of ideal beauty. A study done on college women using print advertisements found that making social comparisons to ultra-thin models is significantly associated with greater internalization of the thin ideal and decreased satisfaction with ones own appearance (Engeln Maddox, 2005, p. 1114). This study uses a sociocultural model that describes body image problems and disordered eating as a result of the continued exposure to thin images. This prolonged exposure reinforces the Western ideal of thinness being attractive (Engeln-Maddox, 2005, p. 1115). A similar study was done on the effects of fashion magazines on body dissatisfaction and disordered eating among females. This study also connects the medias promotion of the thin ideal to body distortion issues that remain at the center of anorexia and bulimia (Shaw, 1995, p. 15). It compared adolescents and adults and their responses to thin images present in magazines (Shaw, 1995, p. 20). Age, BMI and greater bulimic tendencies were positively correlated with greater responsiveness to images of thin models among adolescents (Shaw, 1995, p. 20). The adults, although still responsive to the thin ideal, were less responsive than adolescents (Shaw, 1995, p. 21). This is thought to be in part because adults, unlike adolescents, are not in a developmental stage in which they are concerned with collecting personal identity information (Shaw, 1995, p. 21). Shaw (2005) uses Social Identity Theory, which states that ones social identity is positively related to the degree of social attractiveness conferred by their membership of a particular social group to describe why females have greater body dissatisfaction after being exposed to ultra-thin magazine models (p. 21). Shaw also explains that our culture provides cues that teach females at an early age that they are judged by their physical beauty (p. 21). Therefore, females work to conform to the ideal images of beauty that our society has spelled out for them. If they are not able to conform to this ideal image of beauty, they may experience body dissatisfaction, which may lead to disordered eating habits. One study looked at the role of the peer environment and its ability to provide a subculture that emphasizes the importance of thinness throughà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ peer pressure to diet and be thin and teasing from peers about weight and shape (Gerner Wilson, 2005, p. 313). Female adolescents believe being thin is connected to a better popularity standing among friends and increases the perception of being dateable (Gerner Wilson, 2005, p. 314). This is linked to disordered dieting, poor self-image evaluations, and bulimia (Gerner Wilson, 2005, pg. 314). This study also suggests girls friendships with males, more than females, are closely tied to how they feel about their bodies, reflecting a sociocultural emphasis on the importance of physical attractiveness for successful relationships with males (Gerner Wilson, 2005, p. 318). 2.2.1 Historical review on Impression management A distinction will be made between before and after the 1980s. The idea that people actively manage their image that others form of them has existed for centuries, but it was in the early 1900s that social philosophers incorporated these ideas into their thinking. It was only during the 1980s that the topic of image management started to become widely accepted as an element of organizational life and communications. 2.2.1 Impression management before the 1980s The concept of image and impression management relates back to prehistoric and primitive people who also were concerned about self-presentation. Cosmetics, clothing, jewelry and other aids to physical attractiveness were universally used to present positive identities to others (Tedeschi, 1981, p.xv). The idea that people project identities to one another and form identities from the reactions of others to them, has existed for a long period of time, yet it has not been until this century that social philosophers have incorporated this interactive process into their thinking (Cooley, 1902; Mead, 1934) 2.2.2 Impression management after the 1980s Prior to the 1980s generally social psychologists regarded impression management as a peripheral concept. It was rarely regarded as a fundamental interpersonal process on its own (Schlenker Weigold, 1992, p.135) . In the second half of the 1980s interest for impression management started to increase and the concept of impression management became more important. In 1989 two books were published by Giacalone and Rosenfeld about impression management in organizations. These two books served as source books for what is nowadays the distinctive field of organizational impression management (Rosenfeld et al., 1995). Impression management in organizations consists of strategic communications designed to establish, maintain, or protect desired identities (Rosenfeld et al., 1995). Since the 1980s impression management has been studied in organizational contexts such as leader-member exchange, job interviews and performance appraisal. The study of impression management in organizations is of great importance (Bozeman Kacmar, 1997, p.9). As popularity among researchers and practitioners grew it also started to be viewed as a mainstream rather than a peripheral concept. It is difficult to understand how impression management could have been overlooked in many theoretical discussions. Incorporating impression management into current research and practice is started to provide a better understanding of how organizational processes were to a large extent affected by individuals concerns over how they were being perceived by others (Rosenfeld et al., 1995). Most social psychological investigations have focused on intentional behaviors that decorate or modify ongoing behavior. Impression management is assumed to become more intentional and focused when people believe that they will gain valued outcomes by encouraging certain impressions in others (Schlenker Weigold, 1992). Since the 80s analysts have applied and studied the concept of impression management to a wide range of social phenomena, such as attitude change, nonverbal behavior, social anxiety and recently also to concepts such as eating behavior, organizational behavior. While in specifics being different, the analyses share in common the idea that people attempt to control information for one or more salient audiences in ways that try to facilitate goal-achievement (Schlenker Weigold, 1992, p.136). The concept of impression, specifically in the field of organizational life, has received much more importance than ever before. Impression management is a commonly occurring part of organizational life and it is seen as essential to effective organizational communication (Rosenfeld et al., 1995). In the next section a look will be taken at the motives people have to engage or use impression management. 2.3 Motives to engage in impression management Being skilled in the process of impression management is becoming more significant for managers and it is especially true in work settings with high pressure and where quick decisions need to be made in a dynamic environment. Individuals who are not aware of this aspect of organizational life run the risk of performing poorly, or even being moved to lower positions in the organization (Gardner, 1992). The statement and explanation given above by Gardner might in some way explain why people would attempt to use impression management at work with their colleagues. Yet in general people wish to be perceived as intelligent, friendly and morally good (Rosenfeld, GiacaloneTedeschi, 1983, p.60). This explanation is given for the question of why people laugh more often at humorous stimuli when others are present than when they are own their own, the answer being to establish an identity of oneself as a friendly person. People engage in impression management for many reasons that are influenced by social, personal and situational factors. Some theorists describe the process as a quick cost-benefit analysis (Schlenker, 1980). At the same time people are assessing the benefits that might be achieved by presenting one image rather then another one, they are also considering the costs of presenting that particular image (Rosenfeld et al.,1995). Some situations in which impression management is less likely to occur were described by Jones and Pittman (1980). Under conditions of high task involvement, where the individual becomes absorbed in the task itself. In another research on the use of impression management in assessment centers it was mentioned that the process of impression management required much of an individuals cognitive resources and so it could interfere with effective performance of the individual (McFarland, Ryan, Kriska, 2003). Other situations mentioned by Jones and Pittman (1980) are purely expressive behaviors such as anger and joy and situations in which the person is most of all concerned with presenting his/her true self, such as therapy sessions (Gardner Martinko, 1988). Next to situational factors also social and personal factors influence the motives of individuals to engage in impression management. Leary and Kowalski (1990) believed that impression management could be used to increase personal well-being in three interrelated goals. First of all by maximizing ones reward-cost ratio in social relations. As mentioned earlier, self-presentation also allows individuals to optimize their benefit-cost ratio when dealing with others (Schlenker, 1980). Being able to form a good impression will increase the probability of a desired outcome, be it a interpersonal one such as friendship or power or be it material such as raise in salary due to being seen as more competent (Leary Kowalski, 1990, p.37). The second goal that Leary and Kowalski (1990) mention is enhancing ones self esteem. People might employ in impression management, to regulate their self-esteem in a two-fold manner. One reason was that reactions that other individuals have will positively (compliments) or negatively (criticism) affect your self-esteem. So individuals will act in a manner to be able to inflate their self-esteem by trying to receive positive feedback (Leary Kowalski, 1990, p.37). A second reason is that the self esteem of individuals is also influenced by the self-evaluation of their performances and the feedback that you as an individuals will expect to receive from others (Leary Kowalski, 1990). The third and final goal proposed by Leary and Kowalski (1990) is facilitating the development of desired identities. According to Cooley (1902) and Mead (1934) our identity is in the end derived from society, and individuals sometimes engage in certain behaviors to indicate the ownership of such identity-relevant characteristics (Leary Kowalski, 1990). People may even engage in impression management activities as protection if they feel there is a threat to their social image. As can be seen above there are several motives for people to engage in impression managing. Aside of situational and social factors there are also some personality traits that will affect the degree of impression management being used. For example the extent to which an individual possess the trait of machiavellianism might have an impact on the degree of impression management being used. In todays world it is defined as one who employs aggressive, manipulative, exploiting and devious moves in order to achie ve personal and organizational objectives (Calhoon, 1969, p. 241). From this definition it seems obvious to conclude that the higher the score for machiavellianism the more likely the individual will engage in impression management to achieve personal objectives. A second and final trait that can be decisive for the degree in which an individual engages in impression management is self-monitoring. Individuals differ in the way they monitor their self-presentation and expressive behavior (Snyder, 1974, p.536). Individuals with high levels of self-monitoring can effectively use this skill to create impressions they want. Furthermore these individuals are also better at purposely communicating and expressing emotion in verbal and non verbal manners (Snyder, 1974). Before reaching the overall conclusion of this chapter it can be said that indeed personality as well as social and situational factors play a clear role and deciding what individual will or will not use impression management in certain situations. 2.4 Conclusion In this chapter an in depth look was taken at the historical background of impression management and it can be said that since the mid 80s the topic has increasingly received attention from social psychologists and the awareness of its importance is also dramatically increasing in organizational life. Furthermore a look was taken at the several definitions of the concept by different researchers. The definition that will be employed throughout this paper will be the process through which individuals attempt to influence the impressions other people form of them. In the final part of this chapter the several factors that might affect the motives of individuals to engage in impression management where studied. It was found that several situational, social and personality factors affect an individuals decision to employ impression management. In the next chapter a look will be taken at the choice of the type of impression management style or tactic that and individuals will choose.