Bite Mark Analysis

Criminal cases many times call for the examination of evidence that can tie a suspect or victim to a crime scene or to one another. These physical traces frequently include blood and other bodily fluids, hair, fibers, and even bite marks. Here we will focus our attention to the latter and its accuracy, as it applies to the field of forensic science referred to forensic odontology or forensic dentistry. Forensic odontology is the field of forensic science dealing with the recognition of unique attributes present in each individual's dental composition. 1] This branch of forensics relies heavily on extensive and detailed knowledge of the teeth, jaws, and dental anatomy possessed by a dentist. In addition to this knowledge, the forensic dentist must be well-versed in the interpretations of radiographs, pathology, charting, and types of dental treatment. The forensic dentist is dutifully responsible for the proper handling, assessment, and evaluation of dental evidence in the name of jus tice. The dentist is the key to identification based upon the distinctive features present in the dental structures of each individual. Identification of deceased individuals who cannot be identified by other means, identification of human remains, identification of victims in mass fatalities, assessment of bite mark patterns, and age estimation using teeth are all part of the role of forensic odontologists as well. [2] Identification of an assailant by comparing a record of their dentition with a record of a bite mark left on a victim and the presentation of bite mark evidence in court as an expert witness are also done as part of the job. Bite mark comparison is one of the major and newer parts of this forensic discipline that has been evolving since the 1970s and has played a major role in many cases and the convictions of many criminal including the infamous Ted Bundy who was convicted solely on evidence of a bite mark analysis. However, recently, there has been a lot of debating around the accuracy of a bite mark comparisons and if it can truly assist in accurately identifying suspect as the biter in an attack. For example, in 1991 Ray Krone, a former letter carrier without a criminal record, honorably discharged from the U. S. Air Force was charged with taking the life of a Phoenix cocktail waitress, Kim Ancona. A body examination revealed that she had been stabbed eleven times and bitten on the left breast and on her neck. Forensic evidence, or lack of it, indicated that there were no fingerprints and other bodily fluids although there was indication that she had been sexually assaulted. There was little evidence that tied Krone to the crime except for evidence of the bite mark on the victim's breast, which a state forensic odontologist, Dr. Raymond Rawosn, said matched his very distinct teeth. The bite mark testimony of Dr. Rawson convinced the jury that Krone was guilty and he was convicted. [3] During the time of prosecution, forensic DNA technology was not generally available, but once it was, Ray Krone was proved innocent of the crime. A DNA test not only established that he was not involved in the fatal stabbing, but that also identified the true perpetrator – a person already incarcerated on another unrelated offense. After being cleared by DNA, Ray Krone walked out of the Arizona State Penitentiary at Yuma on April 8, 2002, a free man. 4] In another case, Ricky Amolsch, 38, ended up in jail for ten months over a mistake that a forensic dentist made. His girlfriend, Jane Marie Fray was gruesomely stabbed twenty-two times and an electrical cord was wrapped tightly around her neck. She was also bitten near her left ear. Amolsch was arrested, photographed and fingerprinted. The chief forensic odontologist for Wayne and Oakland Counties, Dr. Allan Warnick’s claims of a bite mark match persuaded the district judge to sign a capital warrant. The preliminary hearing relied on this evidence alone with the forensic dentist, Dr Warnick, giving a compelling testimony. Since Amolsch was not eligible for bond, he had to stay in jail until his trial, and during that time, he lost his home, his savings and his children. [5] After one of Warnick's other cases was challenged, officials re-examined Amolsch's case. Dr. John Kennedy, another forensic dentist, reviewed the case and gave a second opinion that it was someone else, not Amolsch, who had bitten Fray's face. Two other forensic dentists agreed and Amolsch was released from jail. It is true that a human bite mark inflicted by an attacker on the skin of a victim may leave a definitive identifiable pattern that can be identified as being made by a certain set of teeth. If a suspect is apprehended his teeth are reproduced by taking impressions of the teeth and pouring plaster into the impression, thus producing a plaster model. The plaster models of his or her teeth are then put on a scanner and scanned to make a digital image. A tracing of the biting edges of the teeth is then made either using the omputer or tracings from the printed image. This tracing is then superimposed on the bite mark photo, either manually or electronically using a scanned image of the bite mark, to determine if a match can be made. [6] Bite mark analysis is based on two postulates: a) the dental characteristics of anterior teeth involved in biting are unique amongst individuals, and b) this asserted uniqueness is transferred and recorded in the injury. [7] However, some bites are force ful enough to leave a good impression, others are not. A bite might penetrate the skin, but often only leaves bruising—and sometimes the blood marks of a bruise are mistaken for the impression of a tooth. It also seems to be the case that skin gets distorted when bitten or the teeth slide during the act of biting. [8] Furthermore, the level of distortion tends to increase after the bite mark was made. A studies suggest that for the bite mark to be accurately analyzed, the body must be examined in exactly the same position it was in when the bite occurred which can be a difficult if not an impossible task to accomplish. In addition, bite mark analysis is also controversial because dental profiles are subject to change. The loss and/or chipping of teeth, or the alteration of arch configuration through a variety of procedures, such as the use of braces, is common in human populations. The onset of oral diseases such as dental caries has been shown to alter the arch and tooth configuration and must be taken into account when comparing a dental profile to the bite mark after a significant amount of time has passed since the mark was made. 9] All of these variables affect the validity of a bite mark analysis and trying to identify an biter through the uniqueness of his or her dentition. One particular case that highlighted the lack of uniqueness in bite marks involved two suspects accused of attacking a man that had sustained a bite mark injury. Two separate forensic dentists, one representing the prosecution and one the defense, were brought in to analyze the mark. They reported conflicting results. One found the mark to come from suspect A and the other said it was from suspect B. This disagreement resulted from the fact that even though the two suspects had dental features making them unique, the bite mark itself was not detailed enough to reflect them. Therefore, the mark could have reasonably come from either of the men[10]. The equivocal outcome demonstrated in the case emphasizes the difficulty in proving uniqueness. In conclusion, not all bite marks have the level of forensic value necessary to identify just one individual. Now, individual characteristic within a bite mark or in a person's dentition is a distinguishing feature, trait, or pattern. Individual dental characteristics are reported to be features that are unique to an individual variation within a defined group. The presence of worn, fractured or restored teeth is valued as unique features. If a bite mark possesses the reflection of such a feature(s), the degree of confidence in a match increases. It is actually counter-intuitive to assume enamel chips, fractures, and dental restorations are always inherently unique. The shape of human teeth is quite constant in nature and their changes over time are based on common events.

Corning Glass Work Case Study Essay

1. Enumerate the conditions why Corning had to undergo the series of structural changes. Following the international growth and expansion of Corning, the following problems were being faced in the organization’s structure and management processes: i) With the international expansion of CGW, the company was becoming too big and complex to be managed by its current structure. Hence a need was felt to create the international arm as a separate legal entity and hence Corning International Corporation (CIC) was born. ii) CIC was created as a subsidiary to CGW to emphasize the growing importance of Corning’s overseas business. The management felt that the creation of CIC as a separate unit was important to upgrade the role of international managers and help them feel more accepted within Corning. iii) Before the international strategy shift of the mid 1960s, CGW did not meddle much into the affairs of its foreign affiliates. The foreign affiliates maintained their own individual reporting and control systems. However, following the strategic shift to gain majority in these foreign subsidiaries, the management system and processes began changing, such as integration of subsidiaries’ accounting systems into the parent company. This caused problems as most of the subsidiaries were European non-English speaking countries and didn’t follow American standards. Hence a need was felt to integrate these foreign subsidiaries with the parent company so as to maintain uniform standards and processes. iv) The acquisition of majority shareholdings in foreign subsidiaries also encouraged management to begin to coordinate and integrate its foreign operations. The task of unifying, coordinating and integrating the European operations specially was a difficult one. There was a long list of independent companies that needed to be brought under control and a lot of these companies were old rivals. Hence lack of coordination and cooperation existed at every level. Furthermore, each of the European companies had export customers and offices in several other European countries. This caused lot of chaos and confusion when it came to bringing order into CGW’s European operations. Also, the European country affiliates were well established and extremely knowledgeable about their local environment. It was difficult for the newly appointed area managers who did not have the same level of market and product expertise to challenge these country affiliates and convince them in favour of consolidation of manufacturing operations. v) The structure within CIC was organized on geographical dimensions. The top management had a tendency to take major decisions based on their local interests and hence promoted their local projects. As a result, conflicts started arising between geographical entities. Such conflicts could only be resolved at the desk of Forrest Behm, President of CIC, who was the only one with sufficient power and connections at the corporate level to communicate plans to and from top leadership of CGW. As the international operations expanded, Behm turned out to be the only one in a position to take a global perspective of the various international businesses and this in turn increasingly burdened him with more conflict-resolution issues. He felt that a structural change within the organization was required to bring in a global perspective amongst its people. vi) Another challenge that Corning was facing was the transfer of technological knowledge from parent company to its foreign operations. Before major international expansion, this transfer was maintained through informal channels between technical experts in the parents company and the foreign plants. As the foreign operations expanded and technological innovations grew in size, the old model of knowledge sharing turned out to be insufficient to handle the growing demands. Hence foreign subsidiaries had to rely on the formal channels within the international organizational. This led to escalating frustrations on both the sides. vii) Furthermore, the capital allocation process also changed following the majority shareholding in foreign subsidiaries. Before the consolidation, the decision process for capital allocation was done primarily by the local managers of the foreign affiliate, who would then go out and raise the capital on their own. However, after these subsidiaries were acquired by Corning, they were required to submit a formal capital appropriation request prepared in English. The subsidiary general manager then had to chase it to the end through a series of corporate decision making filters. This allocation system had other major implications on the relationship between the technical personnel on each side. Whereas before, the technical managers from the parent company provided assistance to subsidiaries on projects, the former now became a part of the judge and jury system to decide on the capital allocation to these subsidiaries. As a result, the technical managers tended to become more conservative with their advice and assistance to the subsidiaries. viii) Due to the incoherency of its area based organization structure, CIC found itself grappling with the global marketing coordination necessary for some businesses. There was no one who was responsible for coordinating between different foreign subsidiaries on global actions like price, product, sourcing etc. The needs of global product development were not being communicated to the R&D group. This meant that the international product development needs were being largely ignored. In order to address the above mentioned problems, Forrest Behm, decided to restructure the organization by appointing three international business managers. The primary motive behind the appointment of these business managers was to supplement the organization with a global business perspective. 2. Identify the problems with the organization structure (until 1972; business manager concept) that led to the formation of World Boards. i) Corning International Corporation (CIC) since its inception was not truly integrated with its parent organization Corning Glass Works (CGW). The creation of CIC as a separate company was insufficient from the onset. The relationship between senior managers in the parent company CGW and in CIC remained unchanged. The vice-presidents in CIC never really achieved the status and importance of vice presidents in CGW. As a result when the three international business managers were appointed by Behm with the status equivalent to Vice-Presidents, they faced difficulty liaising with vice-presidents and other senior managers in the domestic organization (CGW). They were simply viewed as lacking power, status and credibility to get things done. ii) There was some hostility prevalent between the domestic and foreign arm of the organization. The domestic division managers felt that if they had to provide the foreign operations with so much support, they might as well run the foreign operations themselves. This contributed towards making the job of international business managers in acting as a liaison even more difficult. iii) The role of the International Business Managers was not clearly defined since its inception. They were given very vague general mandates like â€Å"to straighten things out in consumer products in International† or â€Å"to put together a world strategy for products in Science and Medical†. As a result nobody understood what they were really there for and hence people could not establish a connection or relation with them. This contributed to some area managers feeling that they were wasting their time and energy in entertaining these international business managers and meeting their demands of time and information. iv) There was lack of communication between Behm and foreign subsidiary country managers who felt that they were not informed of such a role being introduced in the organization hierarchy. As a result, employees in the foreign subsidiaries had no clarity who they were supposed to report to after the organizational changes. This contributed to a creation of general sense of defensiveness in the subsidiary employees from the outset. So the business managers were largely viewed by foreign subsidiaries as more of an interference and less of a coordination help. v) The three business managers did not have the right skills to act as liaisons. Their inability to establish strong links between the foreign subsidiaries and the domestic products divisions was partly due to the attitude with which some of them had taken up these roles. For example, the international business manager for the Consumer Products Division came across as interfering and authoritative. This was not helpful in yielding the desired results. 3. Examine whether their current structure (world boards) is appropriate to the business environment. Provide suggestions to Behm on the proposed reorganization. The current structure of world board is strong and is capable of bringing in order to the organization provided some changes are made to it. The world boards were not created to control or manage the foreign subsidiaries but rather to act as a channel to facilitate coordination, communication and cooperation between the parent company and its foreign subsidiaries. The members of the world boards must keep this vision in mind during their meetings and interactions. We propose the following changes to the world board in order to make them more effective: i) Behm should first start with putting a limit on the maximum number of people on the world boards to 6-7. This will avoid the problem of world boards becoming too big and chaotic to manage. The world boards should include at max 2-3 people from US product division, 2-3 people from subsidiary units and 1 international business manager. ii) The Optical Products World Board was able to achieve results by successfully resolving their conflicts before the board meetings. All other world boards should follow their model and try to adapt it to as much extent as possible. iii) The domestic division managers need to understand that the company as a whole can only be unified through corporate culture, shared vision and values, and management style rather than through formal structures and systems. Hence they should avoid trying to control the subsidiaries’ business the way they have been doing so far. The domestic division managers should be encouraged to develop a networking and inter-dependent relationship with the subsidiaries. Internal attitude change within Corning’s domestic managers is critical to encourage coordination, participation and involvement of the subsidiaries. While being a part of Corning, the subsidiaries need some autonomy for themselves to develop an ability to make impactful contributions to the organization as a whole. iv) Behm should ensure that the world boards meet regularly and achieve fruitful results. If left to themselves, things may go back to how they were. Hence a more direct involvement on part of Behm is required (at least in the boards that still have major difference of opinions) to facilitate communication and resolve difference of opinions. v) Corning should slowly and gradually adopt the transnational model to promote worldwide integration and knowledge sharing to exploit both global and local advantages. The top leadership needs to see the organization as a network and should refrain from shaping it as a centralized hub. Interdependence between units should be promoted amongst product, functional and geographic units. vi) Cross-subsidiary teams should be developed in the long run to compel different subsidiaries to work together for their own good as well as the overall good of the organization.

Co-Evolution of Innovation Policy in Demark Term Paper

Co-Evolution of Innovation Policy in Demark - Term Paper Example Modern researchers who have tried to understand the correlation between Denmark’s innovation policy and industrial structure have come to conclude that a very central part of that country’s innovation policy has depended on the technology perspective of innovation. In this paper, the various roles that technology has played as an innovative tool and policy for Denmark shall be discussed. In doing this, various ways that the industrial structure and system of Denmark can management technology shall also be discussed. This means that the co-evolution of innovation policy and industrial structure in Denmark shall be taken from a technology perspective with technology management as the focus. When discussing the economic growth of nations and the input of their industrial and institutional sectors towards such economic growth, researchers always try to find a middle ground where the various challenges, changes, and improvements in the industrial and institutional sectors are measured with. This is done because industrial and institutional transformation does not happen in a vacuum or in isolation (quote). The middle grounding factor that is often linked up with; or otherwise attributed to the industrial transformation is what is referred to as co-evolution (quote). In the Danish case study of her industrial structure and institutional systems, therefore, the middle grounds that could be pointed to is the innovation policy. Most often than not, the term, co-evolution is used because the changes occur concurrently. In this scenario, therefore, we could be talking about innovation policies that went on just at the time Denmark was experiencing industrial structure transforma tion and institutional system changes. The need to always find a middle ground or a coordinated system is because such systems help in the monitoring process.  

Woman with Hat Painting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Woman with Hat Painting - Essay Example With the artist’s choice of portrait as a subject, use of energetic paint strokes, and combination of unusual colors, the painting stands out as a model of the essential characteristics of fauvism. Overall, Matisse has applied an active brushwork to depict his wives’ dress, skin, and feathered hat, together with the background of the portrait with weird vivid colors. The Woman with Hat Painting premiered in Salon d’Automne in the year 1905 and it has been presented through the oil on canvas medium, much more of a splattering of paint on the canvas material; this was an quite an unusual piece among Matisse’s contemporaries. Through his successful art career, Henry Matisse became renowned as one of the giants of the 20th century art, and has ever since been readily recognized for his pioneering works that set the stage in the fauvist art style; in addition to the fauvist art style, Matisse was also identified with paper cut-outs later in his career. Even tho ugh Matisse was born to an artistically inclined mother, he received very little early encouragement to become an artist and so he proceeded to study law in Paris (Matisse b); however, after suffering appendicitis and being confined to bed, Matisse explored his artistic bent with a lot of encouragement from his mother who was keen to help him recover. Overall, the Woman with hat painting was inspired by Matisse’s desire to challenge the rigid concepts of art to both the critic and the viewer in his period, which largely had evolved into a status quo. The Woman with hat painting was created in the 20th century period between 1905 to 1906 in Paris and was first exhibited in the Salon d’Automne in the year 1905; however, the portrait’s rough application of bright colors on the face, hat, dress, and even background was shocking to critics and Matisse’s contemporaries. This period was defined by phenomenology, a concept that was familiarized by Edmund Husserl as an attempt to break down phenomenon into verifiable form in order to understand its essence (Ayanna). This concept inspired the creation of Woman with hat painting because the painting clearly reflects the essence of phenomenology as conceptualized by Husserl; using the proposed method of stratified formation, Matisse observes and challenges the phenomena of art. Through the Woman with heart painting, Matisse challenges the concept of art according to both the critic and the viewer in particular, and the concept of art in general; he established a model for modern art that came to be known as fauvism style. The subject of the Woman with hat painting is a portrait that depicts Matisse’s wife in the oil on canvas artwork (Matisse b); this subject is recognizable to me today due to the massive influence of this pioneering fauvist work on modern art. However, this subject may not have been recognizable to the people in the time it was created due to the rigid concepts of the e ssence of art that existed at that time, until later when critics recognized fauvist style of art. The unusual bright color combinations heavily characterize the Woman with hat painting, and these have been utilized to symbolize the expression of Matisse’s wife; the artist’s use of color to capture expression rather than form is a radical idea that challenged the status quo that paintings should depict the subject matter accurately by using forms. Similarly, the color symbol was not understandable to the people in the society in which this painting was created because the concept of fauvism was still uncommon at the time of completion of this painting. However, this color symbol is understandable to me today because the fauvism style of art has taken form and challenged the age-old

Visitor centre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Visitor centre - Essay Example Considering that the terrain is a pond, the piles are designed such that the loads from the footings are transmitted to the underlying strata with enough bearing capacity to support the load without settlement. Notice that all columns are within the wall perimeter, both internal and exterior walls. Since all exterior walls shall be of glazing, it would be aesthetically appropriate to have the glazing occupy the full width of a span then being split into two with a central column. As mentioned previously, the footings will convey the loads to the piles which in turn are supported by rigid strata. Lateral loads (wind, ground movement) are countered by beams connected to the columns. The only beams inclined from the horizontal are the roof beams which support the grass roof. The structure in this scheme is fairly stable as long as the beams are of the adequate size and the beam-to-column connections are sufficiently anchored to each other. The only issue would be the stability of the foundation, thus a comprehensive geotechnical study has to be done to determine the most suitable type of foundation. Scheme 2 is recommended for the proposed structure. The addition of intermediate beams to support the slab would translate to the reduction in the size of the members. Although more columns can be introduced in the structure, it may not be economical for the reason that more foundation must be made to support it. However, more columns would result in less loads carried by each footing, there is the danger of differential settlement to deal with. Ultimately, an extensive geotechnical study must be conducted to determine the best foundation in this case. When the type of foundation is determined, the structural framing can then be designed to suit the type of foundation whether be it pile or mat foundation which almost is the case for small bearing capacities typical of soft soils. The structure shall have bigger girders (column-to-column) beams and smaller intermediate beams. References: McCarthy D., (2006) Essentials of Soil Mechanics and Foundations: Basic Geotechnics. Salmon C., Johnson, J., Malhas, F. (2008) Steel Structures: Design and Behavior. USA: Prentice

Managed care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Managed care - Essay Example Thus, this dilemma in expenditure planning further affects the rate settings of managed care mechanism based on the probabilistic premium rate. With effective control of administrative costs and other related expenses, the Medicaid agencies faced severe forms of difficulties related to accrue payments and other relevant needs (Anderson & Fox, 1987). Furthermore, the biased or improper selection of payment services was noted to be affecting the overall process of rate settings. Notably, this sort of plan is likely to attract different set of people undergoing through distinct health conditions. Thus, to increase the transparency of the rate setting system, the Medicaid agencies should develop a plan of incorporating healthier enrollees for Medicaid programs. With the view of developing a biased plan, the Medicaid organizations should remain indulged in formulating effective individual programs within the domain of care giving. Thus, it could be stated that rate setting for a program is one of the major issues faced by the Medicaid organizations in enhancing the ability of the programs to meet the diverse needs of the enrollees (Anderson & Fox,

Cultural Sensitivity in China Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cultural Sensitivity in China - Assignment Example The language should be easy to comprehend, easy to relate to their culture and should be attractive to woo clients from diverse social settings. This issue will specifically enable the company to know how to advertise and promote their new set of engines. When doing an advertisement, it is necessary to understand their culture and languages to avoid misconception of the original idea intended or annoy the audience instead. For example, it is not allowed to discuss business at meals, they prefer conservative dress codes either male or female as revealing clothes are considered offensive. Their behavior dictates that one should not use hand movements while communicating and avoid pointing while speaking. Understanding these basic norms will help company A to establish when, how, where and what to advertise. According to Confucius, music is highly regarded and appreciated by the Chinese people hence incorporating music in advertisements will capture the attention of the people. The othe r cross-cultural issue is one of an image as presented by the market as perceived by the company and the globe at large. Their historical background of the automobile industry and their current major strategies are the major concern regarding the noted issue. The Chinese automobile industry has come a long way since 1931 during the Republican era till date whereby it is currently rated the largest automobile manufacturer with BYD, Geely and Chery, three major Chinese brands being among car brands ranked top ten in 2009. This shows the potentiality of company A to succeed in the Chinese market since there is a large market for extra heat hardened engines and specialized machined engine components for Chinese automobile manufacturers. This comprehensive understanding of the Chinese history of automobiles and its current state will contribute to the larger automobile image of China as perceived by foreigners and this will assist company A to design appropriate adverts and formulate a p roper marketing plan to propagate the media campaign. The traditions, beliefs, and religion of China will influence company A’s branding and packaging of the engines. For instance, the dragon is a major symbolic aspect central to Chinese culture. Knowing this, company A could easily attract notable client attention by including the word dragon or its actual image on the engines’ models. In this case, cultural beliefs or traditions will act as the main basis of company A’s strategic approach. For instance, the majority of Chinese are Buddhists; they worship in shrines located mostly in mountainous terrains. It is their culture to walk through long distances to places of worship. Company A can take advantage of this long distance and mountainous terrains to promote its strong engines as better options for transport.  

Summery Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summery - Article Example While the supporters of the concept tries to establish the fact that the diversified work force have positive impact over the productivity of the organization and therefore directly contributes toward the increased revenue and productivity of the organization, many others do not subscribe to the fact. While the entire industry, both from the functional as well as academia, accepts that work place as well as work force diversity are the most upcoming concepts that is implementing sea change in the industry, many of the scholar and the managers do not agree that such diversity is always helpful and should be most sought for the organizations. Many of them points out that diversified work force do not have any specific attribute rather is just a strategy for the multi – national corporations and other organizations to comply with the government regulations as well as to comply with the demands of the pressure groups. The article of the Issue 7, ‘Is Diversity in the Workplace a Worthwhile Goal for Corporations?’ is undoubtedly one of the most discussed and debated topics of the present world of today. The article clearly encapsulates the fact that while many of the leaders of the managerial as well as the academic fraternity supports the syndrome of diversified work force, many others perceives that such diversity does not have any positive impact over the productivity and the profitability of the organization. The article sums up the view point of Nancy R. Lockwood and Roger Clegg. The belief of Nancy R. Lockwood can be studied from HR Magazine that was published in the June of 2005 and Roger Clegg penned down his belief in the National Review Online on 21st January of 2002 with the heading of ‘Diversity Nonsense’. The recent trade in the job market of the United States clearly depicts the change in the structure and trends of the employee force. Even

Britney spears Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Britney spears - Essay Example Later, she went back to studio in the same year and released her second single which took a good position in the countdown of U.S most loved pop songs with the name of ‘Sometimes’ and also it was ranked first in other U.K nations. In the following year she was out again to produce her second album ‘oops...I Did It Again’ which showed the entire world and the entire music industry that the princess was in the industry to stay. The album did exemplary well being in first position in billboards and making sales of over a million albums in its first days of release and registering the highest sales ever made for a week by a female artist. To date it has made sales of more than 15 million copies and positioned number two of her top selling albums moreover rendering her tours to go and perform in front of her fans overseas .i.e. away from her country US. After working hard for nothing else but success she was out to release her third album with the first song ‘I Love Rock ‘n’ Roll’ taking the second position in MTV 100 best Latin American’s videos in 2002(IMDb, 2012). These albums made her win many awards starting with artist of the year on the same year that she started her music career. Many more came her way in the course of her career ranging from World’s Music Awards World’s best pop female artist and many more having sold more than 60 million records. In a span of not more than one and a half decade she was announced the best selling female artist in USA. This came as a result of her knowing what was and is the best for her, when it come to selection she is keen on the studio to use and who to work with. This selection has seen her excel in bringing up beats that always work well with the vocals making every production a hit in the market. This has won her greatly because she has become one of the best and moreover one of the famous female artist who has made a great impact in the music industry. As a result of coming from

Is ethics profitable Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Is ethics profitable - Essay Example The constantly changing competitive environments in the business world forces businesses to find new methods to counter the competition as opposed to the so-called traditional ways. These traditional methods included better products, more services, or lower prices. In the contemporary world, business firms are responding to these competition challenges by introducing partnerships and more mutual relationships with their customers and other stakeholders in the business. In the last years, there have been discussions regarding ethics practices in business firms. The general assumption of this subject is that firms need to do what is morally right for their customers as well as their employees. However, the common practice in the business field is that of unethical and illegal activities. Most organizations are yet to understand or realize the financial impact of high ethical standards in business firms (Heskett et al. 34). According to most businesses in the present world, ethical practices impose an unnecessary financial constraint. Tax evasion and underpaid personnel comprise unethical but, nonetheless, appealing practices. From this perspective, it seems that profits and ethics have an inverse relationship. Managers and directors of businesses assume that ethical practices and programs are very expensive activities. This means that ethical practices have no positive impacts on the profitability of business firms. In this case, this ideology suggests ethics as not being profitable to a business organization. It seems that companies with ethical practices record low or constant profits, and hence, most managers still rely on the traditional modes of improving profit levels of an organization. On a more positive aspect, ethics improves the profit levels of a business firm through various ways. Examples from the business field indicate that there is a positive correlation between a firm’s activit ies, ethical behaviors, and the firm’s bottom line outcomes. The reputation of a business in terms of ethical business activities can be a major source of competitive advantage in the business segment. The most important ways in which ethics contributes towards profitability of a company is through the minimization of the cost of business transactions, construction of a foundation of trust with stakeholders, and maintenance of social capital. More so, high standards of a firm’s ethics contribute towards an internal environment of successful teamwork amongst employees which, in turn, impact the profit levels. According to various studies, companies viewed as ethical by company stakeholders, for instance, employees, public, customers, and suppliers, enjoy several competitive advantages. These competitive advantages in the business community include higher levels of commitment, higher levels of efficiency in operations, and increased levels of

How Becoming an Adult Has Changed Christmas Essay Example for Free

How Becoming an Adult Has Changed Christmas Essay I love the holidays, they bring a special joy to my life, they make me smile even if things may not be going as planned in my life; just the thought of family and friends spending time together is a great big deal in my family. I now get to experience the feeling and joys my parents did when they see me opening my presents. My children are so precious and I love having every memorial moment with them. We still do the same things at Grandmas every year nothing has changed except for the fact that I’m a Mother now. I can distinctively remember the Christmas of 2006; it was the year my son (Jaylen) was born. It’s the year I realized that my spoiled days were over and it was not only about me any more. It was the first time I actually realized that I’m Mommy now! It was a very fearful and joyful moment at the same time; my family didn’t pay as much attention to me anymore. They were occupied with my new baby boy (Jaylen), I was extremely happy, they had taken to my son because 18 months earlier they were a little upset that I was going to have a baby(they thought I was too young). My dad was the happiest I have seen him in years, he was a proud grand pap. I’ll admit I was a little jealous because all the attention was no longer on just me I had to now share it. Then again I sat back and thought I’m an adult now and I should not be treated like a baby anymore, so from that point forward I found the grown up I had hidden inside. Thirty-three months (two and a half years) later there was an addition to my family for the holiday, I had my daughter JaKailah, she was a great gift after losing our Nana Boat in June of 2009. My daughter was born just 13 days later (June 21 2009); my grandmother and I both feel as though she is a part of Nana Boat in many ways. Not having our Nana Boat with us on Christmas anymore is a huge void; she is their saying â€Å"just give the children what ever they want, they are our special gifts from god†. One thing that has stayed the same is all holidays are special in my family, but Christmas is still the most important. All my family still meet at Grandma’s house every year. We have family from every where that comes in from out of state to celebrate this special occasion. Every year our Christmas routine has stayed the same; grandma has a special way of making every holiday memorable, she was also very particular about time, there was a time for everything we did on Christmas. She has a set schedule between 9:00 am and 10:00 am. Everyone shows up at grandmas to put their presents under the tree. Grandma has breakfast made for everyone every Christmas pancakes, bacon, sausage, eggs and toast. Then at 11:30am it is time to give each other the presents we have for one another. By the time we were all done opening presents it is time for us to have dinner at 2:30. WOW! We could smell that great food cooking the whole time we were opening our presents. As a child I can remember many traditions sheared with my family. Because there were so many people staying at Grandma’s for the holidays. I can remember making pallets (beds) on the floor with my cousins so the adults could have the beds and air mattresses. My cousins and I would stay up really late and sleep until the after noon. After waking up I can remember my Uncle Bobbie; he looked just like Mr. Rodgers (from Mr. Rodger Neighborhood) he has the same blue sweater and those same blue tie up shoes. I would wake up and say good morning, Mr. Rodgers it is going to be a wonderful day in the neighbor hood. I was a very spoiled child; I got what ever I wanted, when I wanted it from every one in my family. I have even started my own traditions with my children, we have one day where we all sit down at the dining room table after Thanksgiving and we tell each other what we would like to have Santa Clause bring us for Christmas. I have even found a count down to Christmas calendar filled with chocolate candies, it starts at twenty-five and end at one; what you do with this calendar is you start at twenty-five and every night eat one piece of chocolate and by the time its Christmas eve there is one less piece of chocolate remaining. Basically it is a count down to Christmas by eating a piece of chocolate each night until Christmas. My children are still very young so we are still in the process of coming up with new traditions. Things in life change so fast with out notice, some good and some bad, I just make the best of what I have. I always thought that I would need to be the center of attention, but this Christmas I learned that it’s not always about me. Each and every member of my family was very important in many ways. Each of us have our own roles and it works for my family. My fiance is a very quiet, laid back, stay out the way type of person. My Aunt is crazy for the kids, she literally buys them everything. My uncle is the strict no nonsense kind of guy who like the kids to stand in the corner. Uncle what can I say about him? Oh wow he’s the grouch, always yelling, the Children are too loud make them sit down. My dad always happy and feeding into what ever the kids say, do this and do that. Pappi mostly hiding in the room away from everyone to stay away from the chaos. My mom she is the clean freak always running around after every one cleaning up behind them. My Nana Boat she was all for the kids give, give, give that all she knew when it came to her baby’s. My brothers and sister they are needy, always wanting something that they really do not need. Being the big sister I have to love them(I do very much so. I’m only going to talk about my immediate family, because if not you will be here reading for months. As for my-self I’m kind of a reserved person; I just sit back and watch what’s going on around me. I can remember the time it took my grandma to prepare for Christmas; she would bake for weeks. She would let me help her make cookies, pies, fudge, and my most favorite of all chocolate covered pretzels with sprinkles. I can still smell those cookies and pies bake. Being with my grandma and helping her bake was the best feeling in the world. Still to this day my grandma still lets me help her bake for Christmas. She doesn’t leave out my children, they are right there with their hands in the dough, just getting as messy as possible. I know every edition to or family makes Christmas every year more and more enjoyable. I believe that each and every Christmas changes each and every person in my family for the better. CODA: There are a few reasons why I chose to use Frank McCourt â€Å"Limerick Homecoming† essay from the book Angela’s Ashes published in 1996. One reason I chose to use this essays style to revise my family essay is because Frank McCourt showed how to go from past to present tense in the same essay to tell about a special event in this life. Another reason I believe that this essay showed that no matter how bad things are at one point or another in your life that having your family around can make things all the better. Lastly, I chose this essay to because I related to the characters, meaning that I related to them so not coming from a rich family, not graduating high school and still striving to make it in this world .

Exercise And Drugs On Cardiovascular System

Exercise And Drugs On Cardiovascular System The experiment was carried out in order to examine the effects of propanolol, salbutamol and GTN in subjects at rest and during exercise. This was done by taking recordings of SBP, DBP, MAP, PP, HR and PEFR at rest and during exercise for each drug. Using t-tests the results for each drug were compared at rest and during exercise in order to prove that changes were significant. However, only HR using propanolol was shown to have a significant decrease (two sample t-test, t=3.01, p=0.01). This was concluded to be because the subjects used were not medically unfit (in need of using the drugs). Introduction. Heart disease is an increasing cause of death in western countries due to unhealthy lifestyles smoking cigarettes, consuming alcohol, diets high in salt and fats as well as a lack of exercise. Because of this, a lot of medical research goes into developing drugs which lower the high blood pressure, brought about by an unhealthy lifestyle, as well as decrease heart rate in severe cases, provide acute relief of angina pectoris, reduce mortality following myocardial infarction and prevent recurrence of tachyarrhythmias, as stated by Craig and Stitzel (2004). Three of these drugs, propanolol, salbutamol and glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), were used in the experiment. Propanolol is a non-selective ÃŽÂ ²-adrenoreceptor antagonistic drug (Geddes Grosset 2006). It is used to treat angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, certain cardiac dysrhythmias and hypertension (Marcovitch 2007). Propanolols mode of action works by depressing myocardium cellular cardiac membrane excitability. This membrane stabilising is thought to be effective against arrhythmias (Craig Stitzel 2004). It also decreases blood pressure, heart rate, myocardial contractility, cardiac output (and therefore arterial pressure) as well as conduction velocity in the heart (Craig Stitzel 2004). The drug is administered orally as it is subject to a significant degree of first-pass metabolism as well as extensive absorption from the gastro-intestinal tract. Because of this, during the experiment, the subject had to wait 50 minutes after taking the drug before taking recordings as propanolols peak therapeutic effect occurs between 1 and 1.5 hours after the drug is administered. I expect no change in mean arterial pressure (MAP) at rest after propanolol is taken. However, during post-drug exercise I predict there to be a reduction in MAP as well as blood pressure (Wheatley 1981). 1 -1-Salbutamol is a short acting, selective ÃŽÂ ²2-adrenoreceptor agonist drug (Marcovitch 2007). Salbutamol treats bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (Naish et al 2009) by inducing bronchodilation. Although the drug has adrenergic effects, it has minimal cardiac stimulation (Craig Stitzel 2004). Salbutamol is inhaled as a spray using a metered dose in haler (MDI) (Marcovitch 2007). By inhaling the drug, it immediately enters the bronchi in the lungs (the source of the bronchospasm) and provides a rapid onset of action and acute relief (Craig Stitzel 2004). Salbutamols maximal effect is reached within 5 to 20 minutes of administration (Dale et al 2003). Because of this, readings could be taken straight away during the experiment. For salbutamol I expect an increase in PEFR after the drug has been taken but no change in heart rate during post-drug exercise. Glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) is a ÃŽÂ ²-adrenoreceptor antagonist and a potent vasodilator (Dale et al 2003). It is used to treat ischaemic heart disease, angina pectoris and coronary spasm (Marcovitch 2007). GTN relieves coronary spasm by redistributing coronary flow towards ischaemic areas via collaterals (collateral vessels that bypass narrowed coronary arteries (Dale et al 2003). Angina is due to a lack of oxygen in myocardium (Naish et al 2009). GTN acts to relieve angina by decreasing circulating blood volume, thus reducing the metabolic demand of the heart. It does this predominantly by dilating the veins, therefore decreasing preload and ventricular diastolic volume. GTN is administered sublingually as an oral tablet. Administration of GTN in this way allows it to pass straight into systemic circulation, thus avoiding the portal system and first-pass metabolism (Dale et el 2003). GTNs onset of action occurs within 2 to 5 minutes, with its maximal effects occurring between 3 a nd 10 minutes of administration (Craig Stitzel 2004). For these reasons, recordings were taken straight away (for 12 minutes) during the experiment. After GTN is taken, I expect to see a decrease in systolic blood pressure and a decrease in the heart rate. The aim of the experiment was to improve understanding of how propanolol, salbutamol and GTN are useful in treating the various forms of heart disease and how their physiology in the cardiovascular system operates. Method. 3 subjects, 2 female and 1 male, were deemed medically sound by a medical supervisor to take one of the following drugs, propanolol, salbutamol and glyceryl trinitrate (GTN). Each of these drugs was obtained from a licensed chemist. All three subjects were seated comfortably at right angles to the lab bench. Using an electrical sphygmomanometer, each subjects resting systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded at 3 minute intervals for 9 minutes. From the SBP and DBP values, the pulse pressure (PP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were calculated at each interval using the following formulas: 2PP = SBP DBP MAP = (PP/3) + DBP Also, for the two subjects chosen to take propanolol (subject A) and salbutamol (subject B), a Wright peak flow mini-meter was used to measure peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) at each interval. A mean of each recorded value across all subjects was calculated and recorded. Subjects A and B then took it in turn to use the cycle ergometer. The seat was adjusted to a comfortable height for cycling and a note of the seat height, for exercise after the drug was taken, was made. A load setting of 2 Kp was set and the subjects, in turn, were kept connected to the sphygmomanometer as they pedalled for 2 minutes at approximately 80 rpm. HR values were recorded every 15 seconds for both subject A and B. After exercise and prior to taking the drug, subject A and Bs HR, SBP, DBP and PEFR were recorded (HR every 15 seconds, SBP, DBP and PEFR every minute) for five minutes. PP and MAP were also calculated where possible (i.e. at the minute intervals). Subject A then took four 10 mg tablets (i.e. 40 mg) of propanolol and waited for 50 minutes to allow absorption of the drug. Using a sphygmomanometer, the first stage of the experiment was repeated with SBP, DBP, PP, MAP, HR and PEFR, as well as a mean value for each, were calculated and recorded at 3 minute intervals for 9 minutes. The subject then repeated exercise on the cycle ergometer, ensuring that the same height was used, a 2 Kp load setting was again used and a cycling average of 80 rpm was maintained. During this post-drug exercise HR was taken at 15 second intervals for 2 minutes. After post-drug exercise, HR, SBP, DBP and PEFR were recorded, PP and MAP were also calculated and recorded. HR was recorded every 15 seconds, SBP, DBP and PEFR were recorded every minute. These recordings were taken for 5 minutes. Subject B then took two doses of 0.1 mg (in separate inspirations) of salbutamol using a metered dose inhaler (MDI). The same steps as taken for subject B (post drug) were repeated. Using a sphygmomanometer, the first stage of the experiment was repeated with SBP, DBP, PP, MAP, HR and PEFR, as well as a mean value for each, were calculated and recorded at 3 minute intervals for 9 minutes. The subject then repeated exercise on the cycle ergometer, ensuring that the same height was used, a 2 Kp load setting was again used and a cycling average of 80 rpm was maintained. During this post-drug exercise HR was taken at 15 second intervals for 2 minutes. 3 After post-drug exercise, HR, SBP, DBP and PEFR were recorded, PP and MAP were also calculated and recorded. HR was recorded every 15 seconds, SBP, DBP and PEFR were recorded every minute. These recordings were taken for 5 minutes. Finally, subject C (glyceryl trinitrate) was administered 500 Â µg of glyceryl trinitrate (oral tablet form) sublingually whilst comfortably sat at right angles to the lab desk. By sitting down, tachycardia and postural hypotension due to venous pooling in the legs was minimised). Subject C was also connected to the sphygmomanometer. Readings of SBP, DBP, PP, MAP and HR were then calculated and recorded at 3 minute intervals for 30 minutes. At 12 minutes, the tablet had still not dissolved and so the subject chewed the tablet and placed the debris back under the tongue. It was also noted that subject C suffered from a slight headache due to decreased blood pressure. Statistics. To examine the results, the relevant data was used in statistical paired two sample t-tests so that it could be seen whether or not an increase or decrease across the data was of significance. Data was represented in the text with a standard error of the mean to show how accurate the data was by showing how much of the data in a sample was close to the mean value. Results. For propanolol, it was predicted that there would be no change in mean arterial pressure (MAP) at rest after propanolol is taken and that there would be a reduction in heart rate (HR) as well as blood pressure (BP). There was an increase in mean MAP at rest pre-propanolol (89.3 Â ± 15.3 mmHg, n=8) to post-propanolol (90.3 Â ± 20.3 mmHg, n=8) of 1 mmHg (two sample t-test, t=-0.21, p=0.84). This was an insignificant increase. At rest there was a decrease in mean HR from pre-propanolol (78 Â ± 13 bpm, n=8) to post-propanolol (65.86 Â ± 15.14 bpm, n=8) of 12.14 bpm, a significant decrease (two sample t-test, t=3.01, p=0.01). Blood pressure of the subjects immediately after beginning post-propanolol exercise (60.4 Â ± 40.4 mmHg, n=8) showed an average decrease of 19 mmHg compared to the subjects at pre-propanolol exercise (79.4 Â ± 28.6 mmHg, n=8) (two sample t-test, t=1.28, p=0.23). The t-test shows that this was not a significant decrease. For salbutamol it was hypothesized that there would be an increase in PEFR after the drug has been taken but no change in heart rate during post-drug exercise. PEFR of the subjects 5 minutes into exercise, post-salbutamol (505 Â ± 155 lpm, n=8) averaged 22.14 lpm higher than the subjects 5 minutes into exercise, pre-salbutamol (482.86 Â ± 177.14, n=8). However, this was not a significant difference (two sample t-test, t=-0.43, p=0.68). 5 minutes into exercise, there was an increase in HR of 5.71 bpm between pre-salbutamol (84.43 Â ± 22.57 bpm, n=8) and post-salbutamol (90.14 Â ± 15.14 bpm, n=8). However, the t-test showed this to be an insignificant increase (two sample t-test, t=-0.81, p=0.43). 5 Finally, it was hypothesized that GTN would cause a decrease in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and a decrease in the heart rate. SBP showed an average decrease of 4.43 mmHg between an initial baseline of 115.14 Â ± 10 mmHg, n=8, and 30 minutes after the drug had been taken, 110.71 Â ± 8.29, n=8. This was shown not to be a significant decrease in SBP by a t-test (two sample t-test, t=1.02, p=0.33). The HR during the GTN experiment was seen to increase from 72.57 Â ± 15.43 bpm, n=8, to 75.86 Â ± 14.86 bpm, n=8. This was a total increase of 3.29 bpm. Again, this was not a significant increase as shown by the t-test carried out (two sample t-test, t=-0.61, p=0.56). Discussion. My hypotheses for propanolol were that I expected no change in mean arterial pressure (MAP) at rest after propanolol was taken. However, during post-drug exercise I predicted there to be a reduction in MAP as well as blood pressure (Wheatley 1981). The results have shown that there wasnt a significant increase in MAP at rest (two sample t-test, t=-0.21, p=0.84). However, the p-value shows that there is a large chance of error. On the other hand, there was a significant decrease in heart rate at rest (two sample t-test, t=3.01, p=0.01) with less than 1% chance of error. For salbutamol it was expected that there would be an increase in PEFR after the drug had been taken but no change in heart rate during post-drug exercise. There was an increase in PEFR of 22.14 lpm 5 minutes into exercise after taking salbutamol. However, the t-test showed that this was not a significant increase. After GTN was taken, I expected to see a decrease in systolic blood pressure and a decrease in the heart rate. The experiment showed that neither of these hypotheses was correct as although there was a decrease in SBP of 4.43 mmHg, there was an increase in HR of 3.29 bpm. Neither of these changes was shown to be significant. 6 During the experiment, the subjects chosen to take the drug were required to have a certain standard of medical fitness, with regards to blood pressure, in order to participate and take either propanolol, salbutamol or GTN. This was biased as the drugs are normally prescribed to patients with hypertension or who suffer from heart diseases such as angina. Therefore, the lack of significance in changes in the majority of the results could be because the subjects did not have a high blood pressure or heart disease, they were deemed medically fit and so antihypertensive drugs such as propanolol and GTN did not have many significant effects. Therefore in order to improve the experiment, I would use a wide range of both male and female subjects deemed medically fit (normal) as well as medical subjects deemed medically unfit. I would also carry out more t-tests comparing all aspects measured (SBP, DBP, PEFR, MAP, PP and HR). In such an experiment I would expect to see a significant change in recordings such as SBP and HR in the medically unfit patients after they had taken the drugs (propanolol, GTN or salbutamol). The physiological mechanisms which control HR and ventilation with respect to exercise are pH and oxygen supply. When the oxygen supply is too low and pH too acidic (due to an accumulation of carbonic acid in the blood) HR increases and smooth muscle in the bronchi dilates to increase oxygen supply and blood flow to the muscles. However, in subjects with an already high heart rate, it is dangerous to increase it further and so when exercising it is necessary to take drugs developed to decrease blood pressure so that the heart has to work less to deliver blood around the body and thus HR is decreased. The salbutamol had little effect in the subjects because although the drug has adrenergic effects, it has minimal cardiac stimulation (Craig Stitzel 2004). Therefore only a change in PEFR would be expected. 7

LGBT Policy in the US

LGBT Policy in the US Frida Montoya Advocating Gay and Lesbian Rights As the diverse societies within America alter over time so do the laws of the country, either supporting or declining the growth of such changes. A relevant turn within society can be found in the growing support towards gay and lesbian rights, citizens argue that the advance of equal right in the LGTB community is something that should be pushed for but, to what extent will they go to gain the support of the government? The government can be said to have mixed feeling about the LGBT community having the Democratic Party pushing forward with it and the Republican Party arguing that the concept of the LGBT community is immoral and an alienation of human nature. The simple fact that the movement is active signifies as a sign of just how far America has come to exercise the true meaning of equal rights amongst its citizens, looking past race, sexual orientation, disabilities and many other factors. Despites the many supporters hate groups have begun forming in attempt to halt the inevitable change of equal rights for all. †¦Republican Party’s position that marriage should be limited to a man and a woman†¦ We would condemn anyone who vilifies the LGBT community with demonizing rhetoric and falsehoods. And that’s exactly what Perkins and Lane routinely do. Perkins, who heads the Family Research Council, has repeatedly portrayed LGBT people as perverted. He’s called the â€Å"It Gets Better† campaign – designed to give LGBT students hope for a better tomorrow – â€Å"disgusting† and a â€Å"concerted effort† to â€Å"recruit† children into the gay â€Å"lifestyle.† Lane is head of the American Renewal Project, funded by the virulently anti-LGBT American Family Association (AFA). The AFA’s chief spokesman, Bryan Fischer, has said that â€Å"[h]omosexuality gave us Adolph Hitler and homosexuals in the military gave us the Brown Shirts, the Nazi war machine and six million dead Jews.† (Cohen, Richard). As the excerpt states there’s a clear disapproval of the LGTB community, for personal or political reasons. The push for Equality is more than simply the mere acceptance of the group its self, their rights have to be equally protected under the law which is where the situation can get tricky. Even the politicians are utilizing certain content to benefit their overall voting ranks by making the LGTB community look bad. Like in the case of Brian Edwards and Tom Privitere. â€Å"The married couple can’t stand the thought of LGBT youth seeing a mailer that uses their cherished engagement photo to attack a politician for supporting same-sex civil unions. The photo, which shows the couple kissing, was misappropriated by an anti-LGBT hate group for use in the mailer attacking Colorado state Sen. Jean White. Bold words on a red background were added to the picture: â€Å"State Senator Jean White’s idea of ‘Family Values?†(SPLC Sues Anti-gay Hate Group over Defilement of Couple’s Engagement Photo). The laws pertaining Lesbians, gays, transgender and bi individuals are not equally represented if even given through all the states making it difficult for citizens who fall within the LGBT category to have their rights fully protected. For instance, a current case where the acknowledgment of a marriage was purposely overseen in a death certificate in Alabama because the couple, Paul Hard and David Fancher, was gay.â€Å"The SPLC announced a federal lawsuit today challenging these laws. The lawsuit, filed on Hard’s behalf in the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Alabama, seeks to overturn the state’s Marriage Protection Act, a 1998 law that bans the recognition of same-sex marriages from other states, and the Sanctity of Marriage Amendment, which enshrined this ban in the constitution in 2005†( SPLC Challenges Alabama’s Unconstitutional Marriage Protection Act and Sanctity of Marriage Amendment). Certain groups that are against same sex marria ge argue that marriage should only be for those that fall within the guidelines of religious beliefs, meaning not gay people but marriage recognition can imply much more. In the case of Tracey Cooper-Harris who happened to be a disabled U.S. Army veteran, and her wife, Maggie their marriage kept them from being able to get the benefits that other veterans and their wife’s were provided with. The court declared the Title 38 sections unconstitutional, finding there is no military purpose that could justify discriminating against veterans with same-sex spouses. It also found that Title 38 is not rationally related to the military’s commitment to caring for veteran families. The U.S. Supreme Court struck down DOMA in a separate case earlier this year. Because of the court’s ruling on Title 38, Tracey and Maggie are now eligible for a number of benefits, including additional disability compensation and the right to be buried together in a state or national veterans cemetery. These benefits, and many others, are routinely provided to heterosexual married veterans and their spouses. (SPLC Lawsuit Ends with Landmark Ruling That Is First to Decide Same-sex Spouses Rights to Benefits). The recognition of equal marriage in every aspect is something that the LGTB community is striding for, it is not just a legal document it is a right that comes along with many other aspects that are still yet to be approved by the government. However not all issues originate because the state itself denies a LGTB individual their rights but from discrimination that more than likely exceeds to an abusive level. Discrimination tends to be very common in the life of a LGTB individual. If for instance done in a school should be overseen by an adult of faculty member who would naturally step in and put a stop to it but in the case of some this is not the situation and the discrimination rises from other students to adults. SPLC filed a federal civil rights lawsuit that seeks to enforce Destin’s civil rights and force the district to address the mistreatment of Destin and other lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender students. The suit, filed in December, asserts the district has violated Destin’s rights under the 14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause and Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972.â€Å"District officials who are entrusted with the safety and education of all students not only ignored, dismissed and even blamed victims for the abusive behavior of faculty and other students, they also participated in discriminatory acts,† said Anjali Nair, SPLC staff attorney. â€Å"Destin has been humiliated and tortured. Our suit seeks justice for her and other students who were mistreated, as well as reforms that will prevent this from happening again.†(SPLC Files Suit to Stop Anti-LGBT Harassment by Students and Faculty in Mississippi’s Moss Point Scho ol District). The non-supportive part of the community has and will continue to alienate individuals that take part in the LGTB group even if it is simply to support the cause. Despite this, young supporters are uprising all through the United States figuring out ways to improve certain issues that tend to attack the LGTB groups in schools. One of these is bullying an issue that was addresses by Hannah Bradley and her classmates. â€Å"†¦the students wore name tags stating their orientation. But Bradley and other students were censored by school officials who forced them to remove their tags. The SPLC today demanded in a letter to Jefferson County High School in Dandridge, Tenn., that school officials stop this censorship and warned they face a possible federal lawsuit on Bradley’s behalf†( Citing Free Speech Rights, SPLC Demands Tennessee High School Stop Censoring Students). Alienation can only go so far but it has gotten to the point where a thing such as Conversion Therapy w as created. Conversion Therapy is basically a â€Å"treatment† that is guaranteed to convert any individual that fall within the LGTB category. It is then with situations such as these that the government can and will step in. â€Å"A ruling by the Ninth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals that upholds California’s ban on conversion therapy for minors, a discredited practice that claims to â€Å"cure† people of being gay, is another sign of the collapse of the conversion therapy industry, according to the Southern Poverty Law Center†¦ Science proves that it doesn’t work. It harms kids, and it tears families apart† (Appeals Court Ruling in California Is Another Sign of Conversion Therapy Industrys Collapse). The fact that the government its self recognizes that some of these actions are inhumane, not just to a certain minority, but to the United States as a whole can say a lot about the direction in which we are headed to. LGTB rights will no longer be overlooked for the issues of its upbringing have already been addressed by the government several times indirectly encouraging the community to continue to advocate for those right and also giving certain individuals the confidence they need to state their case to the judicial branch pertaining their rights. As more and more people push for this cause the LGTB community will gradually continue to gain more rights for it will be brought to the attention of the government. Today, by passing the Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA),the U.S. Senate took a historic step toward ending this outrage†¦ It simply prohibits employers from using a worker’s sexual orientation or gender identity as the basis for hiring, firing, promotion, or compensation. It means that LGBT people will be afforded the same workplace protections already in place regarding race, religion, gender, national origin and disability†¦But employers in 29 states can still lawfully discriminate because of sexual orientation, and in 33 states they can discriminate because of gender identity†¦Over the last few years, we’ve passed milestone after milestone on the road to equality for LGBT people – among them, the Supreme Court’s recent decision to strike down the Defense of Marriage Act. (Senate Passage of ENDA Is Important Step toward Dignity and Fairness for LGBT People). Overall, it is accurate to say that the LGTB community will continue to grow both in members and supporters making it nearly impossible for the government to devolve and go back to the way things had previously been. The need for equality will gradually be overseen from every point by the government until one day; hopefully we can all say that we do indeed have equal rights that are protected by the constitution of the United States of America. Work Cited Cohen, Richard. A Tent Too Large: The Republican Party and Anti-LGBT Bigotry. Southern Poverty Law Center. 8 Aug. 2014. Web. 15 Nov. 2014. http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/news/a-tent-too-large-the-republican-party-and-anti-lgbt-bigotry>. SPLC Challenges Alabama’s Unconstitutional Marriage Protection Act and Sanctity of Marriage Amendment. Southern Poverty Law Center. 13 Feb. 2014. Web. 16 Nov. 2014. http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/news/splc-challenges-alabama-s-unconstitutional-marriage-protection-act-and-sanctity-of>. SPLC Files Suit to Stop Anti-LGBT Harassment by Students and Faculty in Mississippi’s Moss Point School District. Southern Poverty Law Center. 17 Dec. 2013. Web. 18 Nov. 2014. http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/news/splc-files-suit-to-stop-anti-lgbt-harassment-by-students-and-faculty-in-mississipp>. Appeals Court Ruling in California Is Another Sign of Conversion Therapy Industrys Collapse. Southern Poverty Law Center. 29 Jan. 2014. Web. 18 Nov. 2014. http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/news/appeals-court-ruling-in-california-is-another-sign-of-conversion-therapy-industrys>. Senate Passage of ENDA Is Important Step toward Dignity and Fairness for LGBT People. Southern Poverty Law Center. Web. 18 Nov. 2014. http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/news/senate-passage-of-enda-is-important-step-toward-dignity-and-fairness-for-lgbt-peop>. SPLC Lawsuit Ends with Landmark Ruling That Is First to Decide Same-sex Spouses Rights to Benefits. Southern Poverty Law Center. 30 Aug. 2013. Web. 18 Nov. 2014. http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/news/splc-lawsuit-ends-with-landmark-ruling-that-is-first-to-decide-same-sex-spouses-ri>. Citing Free Speech Rights, SPLC Demands Tennessee High School Stop Censoring Students. Southern Povery Law Center. 18 Oct. 2012. Web. 20 Nov. 2014. http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/news/citing-free-speech-rights-splc-demands-tennessee-high-school-stop-censoring-studen>. SPLC Sues Anti-gay Hate Group over Defilement of Couple’s Engagement Photo. Southern Poverty Law Center. 26 Sept. 2012. Web. 18 Nov. 2014. http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/news/splc-sues-anti-gay-hate-group-over-defilement-of-couple-s-engagement-photo>.

The Problem of Teen Alcoholism in the United States Essay -- Drinking

From pastures to unsupervised blowouts at home, the social calendars of most teens are full of alcohol. Other drugs rise and fall in popularity from generation to generation, but alcohol never really goes out of style. From being worshiped by the ancient Babylonians to being forbidden to teenagers, alcohol has caused many problems. Today, drinking is the drug of choice by teens and causes most wrecks and deaths today. To understand alcohol people must first know the history of alcohol, the effects of teen drinking, and the solutions to teen drinking.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alcohol has been all around the world for centuries and has become a custom of people all over. No one knows for sure who discovered alcohol, but we know how different types of alcohol are made. Just as well, no know knows when alcohol was discovered. There are no records of the discovery or discoverers of alcohol. Although historians do know alcohol ?was used by primitive people and recorded as early as 10,000 years ago in the Neolithic period and by European civilization?(Milgram 22). As early as 5000 B.C., the ancient Babylonians brewed, the process of making beer, their beer in religious temples because it was considered a gift from God. Beer is an alcoholic beverage made by fermentation of cereal grains such as, wheat, rye, corn, or barley; beer contains 3 to 6 percent alcohol. Besides the ancient Babylonians, the ancient Egyptians drank beer. The Egyptians called their beer hek, which was made from barley bread. The bread was crumbled into jars, covered with water, and allowed to ferment. The Egyptian pharaohs blessed this beer in the honor of the goddess of nature, Isis. Egyptians handed out free jugs of beer to peasant workers, and by no surprise drunkenness was a common problem in ancient Egypt (Nielsen 13).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The strongest alcohol drinks are called liquors or spirits. An Arabian alchemist named Geber discovered liquor in the eighteenth century A.D. Geber made liquor by distillation, burning away the impurities that formed in wine during fermentation and isolated the remaining liquids. As a result, the concentrated liquid had a higher alcoholic content, which was ?mainly flavored alcohol and water?(Milgram 65). Arnaud de Villanueva discovered liquor in Europe 500 years later, when he made brandy. Arnaud claimed that brandy would cure all humanity?s diseases, prolong life, maintain youth, a... ...o 21 in Mexico and Canada, it would help cut down on teenage drinking. Everyday teenagers drink, despite the many dangers and risks that they are taking every time they drink. Throughout history and probably in the future, alcohol will be the leading drug of choice for teenagers. On the other hand, teenagers in turn are becoming better educated about themselves and the risk of alcohol. Work Cited ?Alcohol Education Program For Minors.? Texas Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse, 1994. Mothers Against Drunk Drivers. Drinking Driving and Other Drugs. Homepage. 20 June 2001. Milgram, Gail. Coping with Alcohol. New York: The Boston Publishing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Group1987. NCADD. Youth, Alcohol, and Other Drugs. Homepage. 20 June 2001.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ?Net Biz Mentor.? Underage Drinking. Homepage. 20 June 2001.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nielson, Nancy. Teen Alcoholism. San Diego: Lucent Books, Inc., 1990. O?Brien, Robert, Morris Chafetz, Sidney Cohen. Understanding Alcohol And Other Drugs. Vol. 1. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1999.

The Inflammatory N Word :: Media Racism Essays

The Inflammatory N Word   Ã‚  Ã‚   The evening of February 25, 2002 started innocuously enough. My daughter Elena is an avid fan of the television show, Boston Public (Fox), and she was looking forward to watching the newest episode. Because Boston Public can contain controversial subjects, I monitor the show while my kids are watching it. The issues addressed in a kid-friendly show turn into a good starting point for discussions with my two teenage children. The new episode not only turned out to be the epitome of controversy; it was the beginning of new type of dialogue with my children.   Ã‚  Ã‚   I had not intended to watch the television show "Boston Public" (Fox), but when I saw the topic of the show, I set aside my homework and soon became engrossed. The February 25th episode centered on the inflammatory N word (Randall Kennedy) when two boys, one white and the other black, affectionately call each other n----r. Another boy, also black, objects to white person calling a black person this word and a fight ensues. When the teacher discovers the reason for the altercation, he assigns the class to read n----r – The Strange Career of a Troublesome Word, by Randall Kennedy. The class discussion that follows causes controversy with the administration of the school because the teacher leading the discussion is not an African-American. The show ends with the principal, who is black, teaching the class instead. After the show concluded, my daughter and I had a fiery discussion about the issues raised in the show. Elena felt it was entirely appropriate that only a n African-American can teach a class on the N word. I was unhappy with the ending and felt that it would have more impact if the principal and the teacher conducted the class together. One thing both of us agreed on – we had many questions and wanted more information than what a television show could give us so we decided to purchase Mr. Kennedy’s book and learn more on the issue.   Ã‚  Ã‚   What are the origins of racial slurs and why are they used? While it was impossible to find the exact origins of racial slurs, it seems that through out history, there is always a history of an oppressed race or religion. Part of this oppression has been the use of words to help the "powerful" remain in control. Alarmingly, some of these racial slurs have even slipped into every day language.

The Decline of Aristocracy in The Communist Manifesto Essay -- Communi

The Decline of Aristocracy in The Communist Manifesto The decline of aristocracy in The Communist Manifesto began with Karl Marx’s statement, â€Å"The history of all hitherto existing societies is the history of class struggles.†1 Marx recognized the ideals of the social rank, which has influenced every society throughout history. The two social classes described by Marx were the Bourgeoisie, or the upper class, and the Proletariats, or the lower class. Before the Bourgeoisie came to social power, landowners and corporate organizations ran the society. Marx believed that the severe separation of the two classes greatly troubled society and that the two classes must coexist as one with each other.2 The Bourgeoisie were the landowners, employers, and those who received capital in the society. They had other people work under them and controlled labor in order to increase personal capital. â€Å"Marx delineates his vision of history, focusing on the development and eventual destruction of the bourgeoisie, the dominant class of his day.†3 The Bourgeoisie came up with the idea to create a new social class known as the Proletariats, which were the laborers for the production of Bourgeoisie industry. The Proletariat was composed of the lower class of individuals as well as the lower region of the middle class; which eventually fell into the classification of Proletariat. This class is identified by hard individual efforts. The Proletariats lived to work, and the only way that they were hired was if the business owners believed they could increase capital. Marx described the worker as a sort of soldier or a slave for their labor.4 Similar to slaves, the working class was exploited by their superiors, or the Bou... ... 1. Marx, Karl and Frederick Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party (Dayton: U Dayton P, 1999), 38. 2. Smith, J.N. "ClassicNote on Communist Manifesto." ClassicNotes by Gradesaver. 2000. Gradesaver. 22 March 2001 < http://www.gradesaver.com/ClassicNotes/Titles/communist/ >. 3. Smith, J.N., ClassicNotes by GradeSaver 4. Lukacs, George. History and Class Consiousness (Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1968), 46. 5. Smith, J.N., ClassicNotes by GradeSaver 6. McIntosh, Ian. Classical Sociological Theory (New York: New York University Press, 1997), 17. 7. Lukacs, George, 46. 8. Smith, J.N., ClassicNotes by GradeSaver 9. Hoselitz, Ben F. "Karl Marx on Secular and Social Development: A Study in the Sociology of Nineteenth Century 10. Marx, Karl and Frederick Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party

Campus Recreation Facilities And Programming Education Essay

The intent of this survey was to analyze freshman pupil perceptual experiences related to Campus Recreation ( CR ) engagement and develop linkages between entree, satisfaction and academic continuity. This chapter reviews the literature sing collegial pupil continuity and diversion. The subjects include campus diversion entree, accomplishing pupil satisfaction and keeping. Student Access to Campus Recreation Facilities & A ; Programing It is no secret that active engagement in athleticss and fittingness is of critical importance to anyone seeking long permanent wellness and length of service. Prevalence of fleshiness in the United States during 2007-2008 was 32 % among big work forces and 36 % among big adult females ( Flegal, Carroll, A Ogden, & A ; Curtin, 2010 ) . Therefore it is imperative that American university pupils have entree to healthy lifestyle chances while go toing college. Reed ( 2007 ) ; Hickerson and Beggs ( 2007 ) argue that college pupils are at hazard for a assortment of negative wellness behaviours and are in a place to get down to larn how to command their life style, but unluckily most are inactive and have non learned to develop healthy behaviours. Research workers agree that about half of all university pupils demonstrate unequal physical activity degrees ( Sabourin and Irwin, 2008 ) . Sabourin and Irwin ( 2008 ) ; Andrijasevi, Pausi, Bavcevi, Ciliga, A and Pausi ( 2005 ) agree with this research worker that physical activity has a positive consequence on one ‘s well-being. Nguyen-Michel, Unger, Hamilton, and Spruijt-Metz ( 2005 ) attest that physical activity helps protect mental wellness by cut downing emphasis degrees. The writers point to a dramatic addition in both anxiousness and depression amongst college pupils during the past few decennaries. At the same clip research indicates that that colleges and universities are sing reduced registrations in basic physical activity instructional plans ( Crawford, Greenwell, and Andrew, 2007 ) . This phenomenon is likely due to the fact that physical instruction is no longer required at many universities throughout America ( Crawford, et al. , 2007 ) . Less demand for physical instruction coursework finally leads to cut down substructure investing and installation entree for pupils seeking physical activity ( Gibson, 2004 ) . Failure to supply modern, accessible installations to advance physical activity can negatively impact a university ‘s ability to pull prospective pupils and retain them ( Reisburg, 2001 ) . As a consequence, this research worker holds the belief that universities must increase handiness for pupils seeking chances to prosecute in activities which promote healthy life styles and physical activity. At many universities CR is compelled to make full the handiness nothingness created by the decreased physical instruction direction ( Gibson, 2004 ) . Kennedy ( 2007 ) notes altering pupil outlooks and competition from other educational establishments to b oot force universities to build new accessible diversion centres. Surveies of pupil populations at major universities throughout the United States show campuses which lack modern, accessible diversion comfortss have a much more hard clip both recruiting and retaining pupils ( Kennedy, 2007 ) . As a consequence colleges and universities in the United States have spent a sum of $ 7.12 billion for new building and redevelopment of recreational installations since the twelvemonth 2000 ( NIRSA, 2004 ) . It is the sentiment of this research worker that universities which seek to bolster pupil enlisting, satisfaction and academic continuity must take handiness into consideration when raising a diversion centre. Tinto ( 2000 ) ; Bonfiglio ( 2004 ) argue that campus construction and design symbolize values of the establishment. Bonfiglio ( 2004 ) contends that establishments without modern, accessible diversion and fittingness installations are much more likely to hold an unhealthy, less physically active pupil population. Additionally, diversion installations must be centrally accessible located to advance use ( NIRSA, 2004 ) . Facilities built on campus fringes or those constructed at significant distance from abode halls and other communal countries fail to advance handiness ( Tinto, 2000 ) . Institutions which fail to supply equal, accessible installations which support healthy life style picks run a hazard of developing unhealthy and unsated pupil populations which fail to prevail ( Bonfiglio, 2004 ; NIRSA, 2004 ; Tinto, 2000 ) . Research workers agree that CR Administrators must besides increase pupil entree to installations by supplying diverse installation design facets and plan offerings in order to run into distinguishable pupil demands and involvements. Proper designation and design of installations and scheduling is indispensable to maximise engagement amongst all pupil groups on campus. Li, Absher, Graefe, and Hsu ( 2008 ) contend that cultural and national subgroups should be recognized when trying to make clients within diversion. Cohen, Sehgal, Williamson, Marsh, Golinelli and McKenzie ( 2009 ) conducted a survey on recreational installation enlargement and redevelopment. They examined policy and programming deductions associated with the betterments. The writers concluded that bettering recreational installations can positively better frequenter use rates, but attest that betterments do non ever increase use. Factors unassociated with physical betterments such as scheduling, staffing, fees, hours, selling, outreach, and other human factors have a dramatic consequence on client use ( Cohen, et Al, 2009 ) . In order to understand pupil needs this research worker holds the belief that CR staff and decision makers must stand for the diverseness of the university. Hale and Betances ( 2004 ) contend that the growing rate of pupils of colour is the primary ground why racial diverseness must be efficaciously implemented in higher instruction. Roberts, Outley, and Estes ( 2002 ) argue that there is a deficiency of diverseness nowadays in most diversion sections throughout the state. Roberts, et al. , ( 2002 ) contend that failure to enroll diverse staff finally strips organisational invention, competitory advantage and the ability to fulfill client demands. Enhanced enlisting, keeping and answerability criterions must be implemented within the diversion field to make staff more representative ethnically and culturally diverse pupil populations ( Roberts, et al. , 2002 ) . Surveies of organisational diverseness have demonstrated that exposure to diverse co-workers helps directors make better determinations and cultivate fresh thoughts by pulling upon larger pools of information ( Allen & A ; Montgomery, 2001 ) . Li, et al. , ( 2008 ) ; Roberts, et Al. ( 2002 ) contend that major organisational alterations must take topographic point in order to maximise diversion programming entree. Allen and Montgomery ( 2001 ) explain that organisational diverseness development can non arise without â€Å" unfreezing † within the organisation. Unfreezing is deemed to get down one time managerial committedness, allocation of equal resources, and or a major happening asking alteration occurs. The 2nd phase which Allen and Montgomery ( 2001 ) prescribe is â€Å" traveling † . Moving is accomplished by execution of patterns such as recruiting, outreach plans, cooperative and internships, mentoring, calling development enterprises, preparation and educational plans. Refreezing is the concluding procedure which begins by reexamining bing policies and processs to guarantee they support instead than struggle with the new civilization of diverseness ( Allen & A ; Montgomery, 2001 ) . This research worker trusts that one time organisational and staff diverseness exists, rich treatment and execution of wide plan offerings can be delivered to maximise pupil entree and engagement. Last, CR decision makers must make out to pull diverse pupil groups to advance entree and consciousness about CR plan offerings. Li, et al. , ( 2008 ) assert that diverse values determine societal behaviour, and that cultural values play a major function in acknowledging alternate positions of service quality within societal groups. Hale and Kivel ( 2004 ) argue that higher instruction decision makers need to contend for equal chance, full entree, and inclusion for all pupil groups. They contend that duty requires listening to pupil groups on the borders, while admiting bulk privilege, resources, and entree. Merely so can decision makers do critical alterations which promote entree to at hazard pupil groups on the fringe ( Hale and Kivel, 2004 ) . Modern pupil populations want entree to diverse recreational scheduling chances outside the traditional sphere of competitory athleticss such as intramural flag football, hoops and playground ball ( Tsai, 2005 ) . Walker, Jackson, and Deng ( 2008 ) confirm that diversion and leisure restraints vary dramatically between diverse cultural and cultural groups. To efficaciously pull and actuate the full university population to take part, CR must understand the cultural and cultural restraints which prevent dissimilar populations from plan engagement. Walker, et al. , ( 2008 ) argue that cultural and cultural leisure restraints can be overcome if decision makers make pupil engagement a precedence by offering diverse scheduling options. Research workers agree that CR selling is another valuable tool to assist ease diverse pupil group engagement ( Crompton, 2008 ; Reed, 2007 ; Robinson & A ; Gladden, 2003 ) . Robinson and Gladden ( 2003 ) contend that CR trade name equity must be developed to maximise student engagement. CR sections which have built successful trade name equity have pupils which are cognizant of all plan offerings and take part with greater frequence ( Robinson & A ; Gladden, 2003 ) . The writers conclude that trade name equity ensures maximal both plan use and grosss if fees are charged. Establishing CR trade name equity has a peculiarly positive consequence on engagement amongst freshman pupil populations ( NIRSA, 2004 ) . Students which are new to college or those yet to set up peer-to-peer societal support webs can be influenced to take part in CR scheduling if the section utilizes effectual selling and has set up trade name equity ( Robinson & A ; Gladden, 2003 ) . Reed ( 2007 ) asserts that CR selling is a basically of import to guarantee freshman pupil engagement. Freshman pupils are less cognizant of recreational scheduling and installations available on campus than upperclassmen ( Reed, 2007 ) . Research workers agree that most recreational bureaus demonstrate unequal and unsuccessful selling tactics. Crompton ( 2008 ) established a Benefits Evolution Pyramid which traces the development of diversion and leisure services selling in the United States. Harmonizing to Crompton ( 2008 ) , most diversion bureaus and professionals are runing at the two lowest degrees of the pyramid which include the base or Activity / Custodial Focus and the 2nd phase of Promotion / Selling Focus. He maintains that a limited figure of bureaus have evolved to encompass User and Community Benefits Focus and really few have adopted the concluding phase of Shifting Focus. Crompton ( 2008 ) defines Shifting as a procedure of placing paramount community concerns and reacting with execution of diversion services which address the issues. He contends that positive stakeholder perceptual experience alterations typically merely occur in the highest two grades of the Benefits Evolution Pyramid. Once recreati onal services are perceived to keep social virtue, community consciousness takes topographic point and extra support leads to fulfill community members and programming length of service ( Robinson & A ; Gladden, 2003 ) . Student Satisfaction and Campus Recreation Participation Associating freshman pupil satisfaction with Campus Recreation engagement is cardinal for continued departmental support. Schuh and Upcraft ( 2001 ) point to the demand for appraisal within campus recreational plans due to high degrees of examination directed toward their wide plans, big budgets, and investing costs. Hall ( 2005 ) contends that campus diversion plans are likely to be one of the most expensive pupil support plans. Unfortunately there has been a deficiency of committedness from CRA to look into pupil perceptual experiences and construct cardinal linkages between engagement and satisfaction ( Wever, 2003 ) . CRA failure to execute this critical research may ensue in lessened departmental resources, reduced plan offerings, less substructure investing, and finally unsated pupils at hazard of going from the university. The National Intramural-Recreational Sports Association ( NIRSA ) survey on the impact of pupil engagement in CR plans and discovered cardinal relationships between engagement and academic and personal success factors ( NIRSA, 2004 ) . The survey demonstrated that active pupil engagement in CR activities correlated with higher overall college satisfaction and success. Among all pupils surveyed, CR plans and activities ranked higher than internships, cultural activities, parttime or full-time work, pupil nines and organisations, shopping, amusement, eating house options in the community, opportunity to analyze abroad, community service chances, watching varsity athleticss, take parting in varsity athleticss, and sororities/fraternities as determiners of college satisfaction and success ( NIRSA, 2004 ) . Additionally, NIRSA ( 2004 ) determined that research consequences did non vary amongst undergraduate versus alumnus pupils or private versus public establishments. Becker, Cooper, Atkins, & A ; Martin ( 2009 ) ; Hall ( 2005 ) agree with this research worker that pupils who actively participate in CR are more active on campus, in better mental and physical wellness, and satisfied with their collegiate experience. Since research workers conclude that pupil satisfaction can be straight linked to CR engagement, this research worker feels it is imperative that CR Administrators assess freshman pupil perceptual experiences of CR engagement. Rhodes and Nevill ( 2004 ) contend that on-campus pupil experiences which are either profoundly fulfilling or dissatisfying have the possible to impact morale, motive, and continuity. As a consequence, CR Administrators need to find whether pupils are sing deep satisfaction or dissatisfaction while take parting in CR scheduling. The survey of this information can take to designation of valuable concluding behind pupil determinations to prevail or go out the university ( Rhodes & A ; Nevill, 2004 ) . Hickerson and Beggs ( 2007 ) examined the impact of ennui on leisure of college pupils in relation to gender, degree of instruction, and activity pick. Their research found that pupils with developed leisure accomplishments are satisfied and active in their leisure pick and activity. Students with undeveloped leisure accomplishments chose inactive activities which lack positive mental stimulation and psychological wages. The writers assert that the college old ages are an of import leisure development period where life-time leisure chases are built. Hickerson and Beggs ( 2007 ) conclude that CR plans play a critical function in pupil leisure accomplishment development when they offer a broad scope of quality leisure chances. Student demand for modern recreational installations has grown well, with 60 nine per centum of high school seniors bespeaking that they plan to utilize the universities diversion or intramural plan upon reaching at the school ( Intercollegiate Athletes, 2000 ) . Gose ( 2006 ) maintains that CR demand at many universities can non be met by the establishment since financess can non be used for nonacademic edifices. In most instances, pupils must straight pick the measure for recreational installation redevelopment and enlargement ( Gose, 2006 ) . Therefore, in order for CRA to fulfill incoming pupil demands and assist long pillow campus enlisting attempts they must stay focussed on satisfaction degrees amongst the bing university pupil population. If current pupils are unsated with present CR scheduling and/or costs associated with installation enlargement referenda a pledge of pupil support is improbable to happen ( Gose, 2006 ) . This research worker believes universities which fail to supply pupils with entree to modern, diverse recreational installations run the hazard of developing unhealthy, at hazard campus populations. Crumbing, overused diversion installations with out-of-date fittingness equipment typically fail to actuate pupils to prosecute in physical activity ( Gibson, 2004 ) . Additionally, light and nonusers of CR installations are less satisfied with college life than heavy users ( NIRSA, 2004 ) . As a consequence, it ‘s imperative that CRAs invariably analyze and seek to better pupil satisfaction degrees. Changeless rating may assist guarantee future pupil entree to CR installations and maximise engagement. Wever ( 2003 ) contends that the political relations of higher instruction require CRA to invariably turn out departmental worth or face budget decreases. Therefore, failure to execute equal freshman pupil perceptual experience research related to Campus Recreation will finally take to obstruction pupil satisfaction rates. Unsatisfied, culturally diverse, freshman pupils are the pupil group most at hazard of bead out. Li, et Al ( 2008 ) analyze cultural values within diverse groups in order to place sentiments of service quality related to diversion. They contend that cultural groups should non be assumed to be homogenous in service quality perceptual experience. Li, et Al ( 2008 ) recommend research of multiple populations and backgrounds in add-on to cross-sectional studies and locales in order to adequately acknowledge possible users of Parkss and diversion services. They argue that this research will ensue in a diverse, satisfied client base who will return to utilize services rendered. Campus Recreation Participation and the Effectss on Academic Persistence Since pupil continuity has become an progressively serious job for American universities, the establishments have adopted a scope of response schemes. Barefoot ( 2004 ) contends that the most common initial response is for universities to delegate pupil services professionals the duty of out-of-class keeping plan development. Literally, 1000s of keeping plans designed particularly for freshman pupils have emerged in recent old ages which include assorted nines and organisations, residential plans, expanded campus orientations, convocations, community service and events that build school spirit ( Barefoot, 2004 ) . Astin ( 1999 ) adds that keeping plans tend to be grounded in historic campus traditions, but are besides enlightened by modern research related to correlativity between pupil continuity and engagement, formation of peer relationships and group association. Harmonizing to Hall ( 2005 ) , pupils who participate in CR are socially incorporate and profoundly connected to other pupil participants, module, and staff. Pascarella and Terenzini ( 2005 ) suggested that out-of-class interaction between pupils and module members appears to systematically advance pupil continuity, educational aspirations, and degree completion, even when other factors are taken into history. They besides suggested that pupil perceptual experience of module member handiness and involvement may be adequate to advance academic continuity ( Pascarella & A ; Terenzini, 2005 ) . CR chances and involvement appear to help in developing a positive self-concept and therefore advance the integrating procedure ( Windschitl, 2008 ) . Wang & A ; Shiveley ( 2009 ) agree that universities need to put more resources in pulling and enrolling pupils to take part in extracurricular activities in order to heighten their on campus battle. They assert that pupils to a great extent engaged in on campus extracurricular activities have better academic public presentation than those who are non actively engaged. Astin ‘s ( 1999 ) theory of pupil engagement provides a solid theoretical foundation to explicate the grounds for this phenomenon. Harmonizing to this theory, larning results require investing of both physical and psychological energy. The more engaged a pupil is with extracurricular activities such as Campus Recreation, the more chances there are for larning to happen. Haines & A ; Fortman ( 2008 ) conducted a survey to mensurate Campus Recreation out-of-classroom acquisition in an attempt to mensurate the impact of Campus Recreation on pupil larning. They found that participants demonstrated enormous sums of larning across a wide scope of countries including but non limited to clip direction, leading, critical thought, grasp of diverseness, and societal integrating. This survey can be used to assist warrant the demand for extra investing in Campus Recreation plans, installations, and services, in add-on to run intoing the turning demands of accreditation ( Haines & A ; Fortman, 2008 ) . Belch, Gebel and Maas ( 2001 ) examined the relationship of engagement at the University Recreation Center ( URC ) on first-year continuity rates at a big public university in the sou'-west. The consequences revealed that freshers who used the URC persisted at a higher rate after one semester and after a full twelvemonth than their equals who did non utilize the URC. Continuity rates for URC users for one semester ( 92 % ) and one twelvemonth ( 71 % ) clearly outpaced that of their nonuser opposite numbers ( 86 % and 64 % severally ) . Additionally, URC users earned somewhat higher GPAs and besides earned more recognition hours at the terminal of the first twelvemonth ( Belch et al. , 2001 ) . Campus Recreation plans, peculiarly intramural athleticss, provide a powerful channel for pupil interaction ( NIRSA, 2004 ) . This interaction may supply freshers with the chance to informally develop support groups, find study spouses, and seek advice from other pupils sing the best categories or module ( Windschitl, 2008 ) . Faculty and staff are besides a extremely seeable constituent of the rank of CR installations, which may supply ample chance for informal interaction with pupils. A recreational installation with diverse programmatic offerings based on pupil, module, and staff demands can function as a dynamic community, and in so making, establishes an outlook of battle and belonging by pupils. This activity is symbolic of the single pupil ‘s ability to link to others in the environment and to the university community itself ( Belch et al. , 2001 ) . Hausmann, Ye, Schfield & A ; Woods ( 2009 ) argue that pupils who become integrated into the societal and academic systems of the university, they develop a psychological sense of belonging to the university community, which is an of import precursor to desirable results such as increased committedness and continuity. They conducted a survey to mensurate pupil perceptual experiences related to campus assimilation and find if pupils sense of belonging affected academic continuity. Consequences demonstrated that pupils who felt integrated besides felt institutional committedness and desire to prevail. It is the research worker ‘s belief that CR plays a cardinal function in constructing institutional committedness and a desire to prevail. Elkins, Braxton, & A ; James ( 2000 ) took this construct a measure further and examined continuity rates amongst full-time, four-year university pupils between their first and 2nd semesters. They attempted to place how nucleus factors which consequence pupil bead out determinations. In peculiar, the writers focus on the primary phase of a pupil ‘s college passage which is labeled Separation. A sample of 411 pupils was studied to find the effects of outside support and pupil rejection of past attitudes and values on their determination to remain in school. Elkins, et Al ( 2000 ) contend that support from household and friends is critical to buttress pupil continuity. They besides concluded that a pupil ‘s degree of institutional committedness plays a major function in finding a demand to reject past attitudes and values in order to aline with values present at the establishment. The study informations collected by the writers aligned with old research performed by Tinto ( 1975, 1987, 1988, 1993 & A ; 1998 ) . Consistent grounds points to racial/ethnic minority groups having less support for college attending therefore go forthing this pupil group at greater hazard ( Elkins, et al 2000 ) .